On April 17, 2013, the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences jointly with the State Museum of Oriental Art held an international conference dedicated to the memory of Boris Anatolyevich Litvinsky, who would have turned 90 on this day.

The plenary session was opened by A.V. Sedov, Director of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation 1. Having reminded the participants about the relativity of date 2, the speaker stressed that it is absolutely possible to consider all those present as "children of Litvinsky's nest", and a short but rich conference 3 is the best way to take revenge on the anniversary of Boris Anatolyevich. But the joy of our meeting is tinged with sadness, since Boris Anatolyevich is no longer with us.

V. P. Androsov, who presented the report "B. A. Litvinsky - Buddhist scholar", said: "I have a different attitude to who left and who is with us..For a scientist and thinker, life, according to V. P. Androsov, does not end with the death of the physical body. It continues while his works are being read, challenged, commented on, and used. The scientist begins to live in the world of science from the time of publication of the first significant works. Boris Anatolyevich, it was noted in the report, broke into Buddhology powerfully and immediately into the world, with the publication of his book " Outline History of Buddhism in Central Asia "(Ed. G. M. Bongard-Levin. - International Conference on the History, Archeology and Culture of Central Asia in the Kushan Period. Dushanbe, 1968. M., 1968). This was preceded by 20 years of research, reflection, study, and excavation. V. P. Androsov prepared a list of 20 works by B. A. Litvinsky on Buddhism, dividing them into two large classes. The first is the ts, which focuses on the archeology of Buddhist monuments, features of their layout, art samples, etc. The second is more generalizing works, both on Buddhism and its cultural environment, on mutual influence, etc. Among the first class, the 1983 work "Kalai-Kafirnigan Buddhist Temple (Southern Tajikistan) and problems of Central Asian History and Culture"is very significant. Among the works of the second class was the 1972 article "Buddhism and Central Asian civilization" [Litvinsky, 1972 (1), pp. 148-169], which discusses the most complex problems of "the relationship of Buddhism with other religions in Central Asia", and also highlights the problems of "Central Asian-Indian exchange in the field of art...".

Extensive knowledge and the ability to see the mutual flow of elements and features of one culture into another is a special gift of Boris Anatolyevich, characteristic of all his work. According to the author of the report, this is clearly evident in articles devoted to Indian Buddhism among Iranians [Litvinsky, 2003, p.89-98], as well as among Central Asian peoples [Litvinsky, 1997, p. 55-78]. But V. P. Androsov considers the 14th chapter ("Buddhism") in the book "East Turkestan in Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages" to be the most generalizing work, which actually updates all the previous author's research. Ethnic group. Languages. Religions" [Litvinsky, 1992, pp. 427-493]. Concluding his speech, V. P. Androsov stressed that B. A. Litvinsky's work is truly encyclopedic, his author is a lump of talent coupled with inexhaustible hard work, he is an example for all of us of how to work regardless of illness, official tasks, teaching graduate students, how to devote our lives to a single subject-science.

T. K. Mkrtychev, Deputy Director of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Tajikistan, who concluded the plenary session, noted that what Litvinsky and the expedition under his leadership did in Tajikistan "has already turned into a non-film". A good example of this is the recently published book on decorative and applied arts of Tajikistan by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Tajikistan, which includes items discovered by B. A. Litvinsky in Kalai-Kafirnigan 4 during excavations in 1974-1975. And the Buddhist monastery of Ajina-tepa (VII-VIII centuries), located in the Vakhsh region.

1 Part-time leading researcher of the Department of History and Culture of the Ancient East (hereinafter referred to as ICDV) of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, headed by B. A. Litvinsky for many years. Alexander Vsevolodovich was also the head of this department for several years (before being elected to the post of Director of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in June 2006).

2 According to one version, Boris Anatolyevich was born on April 17, 1923.

3 In conjunction with the forthcoming collection of articles.

4 The modern name of a Buddhist temple of the early 7th - mid-8th centuries near the village of Esanbay, 80 km south-east of Dushanbe (Tajikistan).

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In the valley of Tajikistan, 12 km from the city of Kurgan-Tyube, discovered by Boris Anatolyevich in 1960, is recognized by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.

During the morning and evening sessions of the conference, 13 presentations were made. Scientists from Russia (Moscow, St. Petersburg, Yelets) and the Republic of Tajikistan (Dushanbe) spoke.

The report of M. A. Bubnova (L. Donish Institute of History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan, Dushanbe) "B. A. Litvinsky in the Eastern Pamirs" was devoted primarily to the first expedition of Boris Anatolyevich to the Pamirs in the late 1950s. explore what the last one did not finish, namely 100 more mounds of the eastern Pamir (on the borders of China and India). The new findings made it possible to analyze the mythology and funerary rites of the oldest inhabitants of the Pamirs, to identify (thanks to the discovery of carnelian beads with etched ornaments) more specific links with India, to determine the directions of further research. M. A. Bubnova conveyed to the audience the address "In memory of B. A. Litvinsky" by the Director of the Institute of History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan R.N. Masov and several signal copies of the collection "Archaeological works in Tajikistan" dedicated to the 90th anniversary of Boris Anatolyevich XXVI [Archaeological works..., 2013].

B. S. Solovyov (Bunin State University, Yelets) made a report "About B. A. Litvinsky, a scientist and a man". Viktor Stepanovich, when he was 14 years old, met Boris Anatolyevich at the Ajina-tepa hill, where excavations lasted until 1975. By this time, the author of the report graduated (in 1971) from the Tajik State University, defended his PhD thesis and turned from a boy who was interested in archaeological excavations into a certified specialist. on the influence of B. A. Litvinsky on his students and colleagues, he noted that M. E. Masson had a great influence on Litvinsky himself: the encyclopedic nature of Boris Anatolyevich comes from him. And V. A. Moshkov, M. S. Andreev, and A. K. Pisarchik aroused an interest in ethnography (one of the distinctive features of the archaeologist Litvinsky). From the very beginning, Litvinsky-a scientist-was characterized by thoroughness of approach and systematic work, the ability to perfectly shoot topographical plans, Litvinsky-a person-objectivity, kindness, a desire to help, amazing courage and an inexhaustible desire to work.

E. V. Antonova (IB RAS) shared her memories of working in the department (formerly called the Department of the Soviet East), one of the sectors of which, and then the entire department (already ICDV) was headed by B. A. Litvinsky. Boris Anatolyevich, the report noted, is not only an archaeologist, but also a historian with an excellent ethnographic base. His range of interests was broad, his thirst for new knowledge unquenchable, but his desire to share this knowledge was also great. He organized a scientific seminar, the results of which formed the basis for the published collections (the topics of the latter were very diverse: from the Paleolithic to the Middle Ages). Boris Anatolyevich was often invited to give lectures abroad, where he spent the rest of his free time in libraries, and when he returned, he introduced his colleagues to the latest publications and invariably shared the books he brought. E. V. Antonova emphasized that B. A. Litvinsky (having truly encyclopedic knowledge!) I have always urged my colleagues to be careful in their interpretations.

L. B. Kircho (Institute of the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg) made a report "B. A. Litvinsky's contribution to the Bronze Age archaeology of Southern Turkmenistan". She noted that the choice of the topic of the CoE report is due to the lesser popularity of Boris Anatolyevich's works related to the study of the time and place indicated in the title. It was about the 1949-1950 excavations at Namazga-dsp, where B. A. Litvinsky led one of the YUTAKE detachments. The extremely high quality of excavations and methods of fixing materials (stratigraphic sections, clearly recorded in the drawings of the masonry system of walls and details of the internal structure of premises), as well as drawing ornaments of stratified painted ceramics of the early Bronze Period, L. B. Kircho noted, allow us to use them as a full-fledged source to this day.

Special attention was paid to two types of hearths discovered by B. A. Litvinsky in residential areas of buildings of the Middle Bronze Age. The structures and types of hearths inside residential complexes are important cultural and chronological markers. Having given an overview of the foci of a number of settlements in the south of Central Asia, L. B. Kircho showed that culturally-

5 In 2009, shortly before that (in 2004), a book by B. A. Litvinsky and T. I. Zcimal entitled "The Buddhist Monastery of Ajina-tspa, Tajikistan / History and Art of Buddhism in Central Asia" was published in Italy in English with a foreword by the President of the Republic of Tajikistan Emomali Rakhmonov [Litvinsky and Zcimal, 2004].

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the historical roots of at least some of the population groups that developed the ancient Murgab Delta in the Bronze Age, and later the valleys of the Surkhandarya tributaries, go back to the culture of the central part of the Kopetdag foothill zone; B. A. Litvinsky's research (despite its almost 65-year-old history) not only has significant factual value, but also opens up new directions in the modern study of the Bronze Age monuments of Central Asia.

The report of V. P. Nikonorov (Institute of the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg) was devoted to the contribution of B. A. Litvinsky to the study of military affairs of the ancient world. The speaker noted that among the various scientific interests of B. A. Litvinsky related to the study of the history and culture of ancient Central Asia and Iran, a significant place is occupied by the topic of weapons production and military affairs, which he began to study in depth at the turn of the 1950s and 1960s. Boris Anatolyevich was already shrewdly aware of the importance of studying various aspects of the military past of the peoples of Central Asia for a deeper understanding of the peculiarities of their history, material and spiritual existence.

Litvinsky's first special articles on weapons studies of ancient Central Asia immediately became an event in archaeological science. The first paper presents the most complete summary of the finds of iron arrowheads that existed in Central Asia from the last centuries B.C. to the eighth century A.D. inclusive, and gives their typology (Litvinsky, 1965, p. 75-91). In another article, also for the first time in the Central Asian region, the evolution and distribution of composite bows in the ancient and early Middle Ages are considered [Litvinsky, 1966, p.51-69]. The third work (co-authored with I. V. Pyankov) is an essay on the characteristic features of the military art of the sedentary and nomadic peoples of Central Asia in the VI-IV centuries BC (Litvinsky and Pyankov, 1966). B. A. Litvinsky also has an article devoted to weapons of the Saka period (VII-III centuries BC), found in the Pamirs, Ferghana and in the area of modern Tashkent (Litvinsky, 1968, pp. 69-110). Later, all these articles in a revised and expanded form were reflected in the "Armament" section of the monograph on the archeology and history of the ancient nomads of the Eastern Pamirs and adjacent regions [Litvinsky, 1972(2), p. 83 131]. All the listed works of Boris Anatolyevich, it was noted in the report, have a pronounced innovative character and surpass previous developments of relevant subjects in terms of the depth of comparative typological analysis, coverage of sources and research literature, validity of judgments and conclusions. These articles are still up to date. From a methodological point of view, these works of Litvinsky are exemplary for modern historians of ancient military affairs.

V. P. Nikonorov noted that an extremely important stage in the scientific activity of B. A. Litvinsky was the work on the finds obtained during the excavations of the Takhti-Sangin settlement on the western bank of the Vakhsh River in Southern Tajikistan in 1975-1991. In the Oxus temple opened here, about half of all finds (about four thousand) were items of military equipment brought to the temple as gifts to the local deity. For its diversity and abundance, the collection of ancient weapons from Takhti-Sangin has no equal in Central Asia and the Middle East. The result was the appearance of a special volume in the series of complete publications of the excavation results conceived by B. A. Litvinsky, dedicated to weapons from Takhti-Sangin (Litvinsky, 2001).

According to the author of the report, the publication of this monumental monograph undoubtedly represents an outstanding event in the history of military studies not only in Bactria and Central Asia, but also in the entire ancient world. The mentioned volume includes 528 pages of text and 56 pages of illustrations (111 tables). B. A. Litvinsky, in his usual style, provides detailed historiographical information for each chapter of his monograph and gives an almost complete critical review of the main opinions on the issues under consideration, referring to almost 1300 articles and books. B. A. Litvinsky's monograph should rightfully be regarded as a scientific encyclopedia on weapons studies of the entire ancient world. He managed to combine the best traditions of Russian archeology and orientalism, based on an exhaustive knowledge of sources, a well-thought-out methodology and an excellent acquaintance with historiography, with the achievements of classical Western science about military Greco-Roman antiquities. In this sense, Litvinsky's book surpasses the monograph on the finds of weapons in the Dura Europos fortress on the Euphrates, obtained by American and French archaeologists in the 1920s and 1930s, by S. James [James, 2004].

Concluding his speech, V. P. Nikonorov noted that there was no other such specialist in the world who worked in the field of archeology and history of ancient Central Asia, who could cope with the topic of Bactrian weapons at the same high scientific level,

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as B. A. Litvinsky did. Without any doubt, B. A. Litvinsky, with his works on the history of military affairs of antiquity, firmly took the place of the flagship of modern Russian military archeology. He made a huge contribution to the study of the military affairs of the ancient world. It is extremely striking that this problem, which in itself requires the researcher to fully mobilize all his creative and physical resources, was only one of the many other areas in which Boris Anatolyevich achieved outstanding results, among which his achievements in the study of religious life, material and cultural life should be particularly noted. musical culture, architecture and fine arts of the ancient peoples of Central Asia and Iran.

The evening session was opened by the report of Ya. A. Sher (Moscow) "Primitive art and psychophysiology". After analyzing the materials of 305 caves known to date (160 of which are located in France, 120 in Spain, 21 in Italy, one each in Serbia and Romania, and two in the Southern Urals), the author of the report came to the conclusion that everywhere there are pictorial images (which, in his opinion, include the term "cave art").art" is not suitable, and it is more correct to speak (following A. A. Miller's suggestion in the 1920s) about "visual activity") are far from the entrance. It seems that their authors were hiding from their relatives. It is not yet possible to talk about a ready-made new method for studying the origin of visual activity. We can only outline some basic principles of the approach to its formation. Apparently, the evolution of consciousness begins with Homo habilis. Conscious work, speech, visual activity, and other behaviors are impossible without consciousness. Therefore, J. A. Sher noted, the approach to the problem of the origin of art should be based on the evolution of consciousness. If it is true that Homo sapiens sapiens of the Upper Paleolithic era had the same neurophysiological structure as modern man, then all the symbolic actions of the Cro-Magnon were formed on the basis of the same functions of the central nervous system that are still active today. This makes it possible to take into account modern psychophysiological "mechanisms"in the behavior of ancient man. The differences accumulated over 40 millennia mainly relate to the content of information flows, and the functions of the basic brain structures are unlikely to have changed significantly. These structures seem to represent innate genetic programs called "language and labor grammar" by Hughes (1973). It is possible that one of these yet undiscovered "deep grammars", according to Ya. A. Sher, encourages visual activity.

N. A. Dubova (Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of the Russian Academy of Sciences) made a report co-authored with V. I. Sarianidi (Institute of Archeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences) "New finds on the Bronze Age monument of Turkmenistan Gonur Depe". Excavations at Gonur Depe 6 (discovered in 1972) began in 1974 and continue to this day, for the last 3 years - in cooperation with the German Archaeological Institute. In the course of the study, a residential and funerary complex dating back to 2300-1600 / 1500 BC was discovered.Over the past two years, its western part has been studied. The report paid special attention to the findings of 2011 and 2012. The first group includes ceramic products from the excavation of the 2nd settlement of Gonur 20. The identified architecture, according to the authors of the report, together with ceramics, give the impression that settlement 7 was founded by settling pastoralists. In 2011, the only three-chamber furnace on the territory of Gonur was discovered in the settlement of Gonur 21 (a few kilometers to the south), as well as a number of burials, among which 8 grave 12 stands out. The overall impression of this burial is very similar in a simplified form to the royal tombs of Gonur, arranged in the form of "houses" with "courtyards" in front of them.

In the spring of 2012, burials with a donkey, a dog, a ram, and a pig were discovered; works of small plastic art (including a monkey, a golden saiga figurine with turquoise inserts, a placard with images of 5 rams and an 8-petaled flower in the center, female figurines (all without legs)); fragments of ritual vessels (similar to those found on Togolok 1) with the image of camels on the sides of the tree. Autumn 2012 was marked by new finds in pit No. 3225 of the Royal Necropolis: 4 carts with wheels with a diameter of 0.70 m, 0.80 m and 1 m. Bronze wheel rims of different diameters were found in pit No. 3900. Concluding her speech, N. A. Dubova stressed that at the moment, about 20 thousand people have been found on Gonur Depa.

6 Today, no one doubts that oto is the religious center of Margush.

7 Several residential buildings, large pottery stoves near them, and interesting traces of awnings once built over sites where rituals unknown to us were performed have been unearthed.

8 Rich inventory and bones of heifers and sheep in the" yard " of the burial.

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80 animal burials (mostly dogs and sheep). It is equally important to note that mosaic 9 found on Gonur Depa is characterized by tessellationism (eroding of mosaic inserts from the sides). Previously, it was believed that this technique appeared only in Roman times.

A. Skokov's report "The place of the Dzhantukh burial ground among the monuments of the Caucasus of the Early Iron Age" was also devoted to the findings of the last two years from burial complexes of the XIII/XI-II centuries BC.Archaeological evidence allows us to draw certain conclusions about both the burial rite 10 and the material culture of the people who left them. In this regard, from the point of view of the author of the report, antique ceramic imports of the VI-II centuries BC, which are absent in the neighboring territories, are significant. A. Yu. Skakov suggests that antique imports came from the Kuban; for the II-III centuries BC, the western rather than southern route of communication was characteristic. It is likely that the tribes that left the burial sites on Jantuha controlled the salt trade, acting as a buffer and preventing Greek traders from moving further north. The proximity of the pass only contributed to this. Speaking about the most recent finds, the speaker noted a stone pavement of the VI-IV centuries BC with the image of a swastika, which had a ritual character; a "cache" with broken bronze and iron things from burial pit No. 5; a unique vessel in the form of a bird for Abkhazia and a coin from burial pit No. 7 imitating the coin of Alexander the Great. The author noted that the obtained material allows us to say

on the preservation of the Koban-Colchian culture until the end of the second century BC

A. S. Balakhvantsev (IB RAS), S. B. Bolelov (GMINV), S. V. Demidenko (Institute of Archeology RAS) co-authors of the report "New finds in Takhti-Sangin and some problems of Eastern Hellenism", in fact, made three independent presentations, prefiguring them with lines from the poem "Psalm of Life" by G. W. Longfellow 12 (translated by I. Bunin):

The lives of great artists
Us to go to the great,
To stay in the sands of time
The trail and our path...

S. B. Bolelov's presentation was devoted to the analysis of an extensive ceramic complex discovered at the Takhti-Sangin ancient settlement. After painstaking analysis of the occurring forms, the author came to the conclusion that this is a mixed complex, the earliest date of which is the first century BC, and most likely the turn of the first century BC and the first century AD; the latest is the end of the second century AD.Dating is greatly complicated by the lack of stratigraphy.

S. V. Demidenko dedicated his speech to the foundry molds with Greek dedicatory inscriptions discovered on Takhti-Sangin (2004-2007). He noted that the bronze cauldrons themselves were not found there. After analyzing various traditions of making bronze vessels and cauldrons (Chinese, Scythian, Saka and Sarmatian), he came to the conclusion that the local method is most similar to the Sarmatian one. He also noted that the inscription suggests the use of a clay model.

In the message of A. S. Balakhvantsev, it was just about the inscription on the foundry mold found at the Takhti-Sangin hillfort in 2007. The inscription (in a mirror image) was made in a monumental italic font; it does not look like the Atrosok inscription found earlier in the Oxus temple. There are two different labels and errors that are present in the first one and absent in the second one. Due to errors, the report noted, the question of dating legitimately arises: was such a degradation of the Greek language possible in the Greco-Bactrian period? Taking this into account, as well as analyzing well-known Greek inscriptions (on coins of the 90 - 70s of the 1st century BC, coins of the first century BC-I century AD, including a coin depicting the Indo-Parthian king Gondofar, an inscription from Dashti Navur 279, etc.), A. S. Balakhvantsev came to the conclusion: to a conclusion about the possible dating of the inscription in question to the second half of the first century AD.

I. L. Kyzlasov (Institute of Archeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences) in his report "Religious principles of the Talas runic script" noted that rock inscriptions made by the Yenisei runic script cannot be discussed outside of Manichaeism. Apart from Manichaeism, no other religion uses runic writing.

9 All mosaics on Gonur Dsps stone.

10 There are individual and collective burials, re-burials and cremations.

11 Among them are bracelets, pendants, plaques, bells, fibulas with pendants in the form of birds, cases, akinaks, knives, axes, spears and pommels that have no analogues at the moment. 12 American poet of the 19th century

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I used it. Rock religious inscriptions associated with runica represent Siberian-Turkic Manichaeism. To date, one of the two groups of rune-like scripts has not been deciphered. Of the 7-8 separate runic alphabets, the Yenisei, Orkhon, and Talas alphabets are derived from the same root. At the same time, the Talas script is identical to the Yenisei script and has nothing in common with the Orkhon script. The Yenisei script influenced the Talas inscriptions. The latter, obviously, should be dated to the IX-X centuries. 13. The author of the report believes that Talas boulders (grave stones)14-burial ground of the tenth-century Manichaean community. This is confirmed by 15 and the image of a typical Manichaean cross (equilateral, with extended ends) on one of the boulders. The report also referred to email forwarding as a marker for attribution. So, for the Altai rock inscriptions, the vertical position of the line is characteristic. Analyzing the genre of inscriptions, I. L. Kyzlasov noted that archaic inscriptions are lamentations. Nevertheless, 90 Altaic inscriptions are prayers of 16. Moreover, the cluster of inscriptions clearly demonstrates different hands, but one handwriting.

The conference was concluded with the report of A. V. Safronov (Institute of History of the Russian Academy of Sciences) "Hypothesis of Mycenaean-Iranian contacts based on the data of archeology and linguistics", which focused on the lexeme *to-ko-so = ("onion"), borrowed, in his opinion, from Iranian to Mycenaean, as well as archaeological sources, primarily related to the Sabatinian17 culture, which clearly demonstrates the contacts of the XIV-XIII centuries BC and confirms the participation of groups of ancient Iranian tribes in the collapse of the Mycenaean civilization.

list of literature

Archaeological works in Tajikistan. Issue XXXVI / Under the general editorship of R. Masov. Dushanbe, 2013.

Litvinsky B. L. Sredneaziatskie zheleznye nakonechniki strel [Central Asian Iron arrow tips]. 1965. № 2.

Litvinsky, B. A., Compound onion in ancient Central Asia (On the problem of onion evolution in the East), Sovetskaya arkheologiya. 1966. № 4.

Litvinsky B. A. Weapons of the Pamir and Ferghana populations in the Saxon period (Battle axes. Daggers. Arrowheads) / / Material culture of Tajikistan. Issue 1. Dushanbe, 1968.

Litvinskiy B. A. Buddhism and Central Asian civilization // Indiskaya kul'tura i buddhizm I Pod red. L. Sh. Fridman [Indian Culture and Buddhism], Moscow: Nauka Publ., 1972(1).

Litvinsky B. A. Ancient nomads "Roofs of the World", Moscow: Nauka Publ., 1972 (2).

Litvinsky B. A. Buddhism // Eastern Turkestan in antiquity and the early Middle Ages. Ethnic group. Languages. Religions. / Edited by B. A. Litvinsky, Moscow: Nauka Publ., 1992.

Litvinskii B. A. [Buddhism and Buddhist culture of Central Asia (antiquity)]. Ocherki, issledovaniya, razrabotki [Essays, research, development]. Moscow: Vostochnaya literatura, 1997.

Litvinsky B. A. Temple of Oxus in Bactria (Southern Tajikistan), vol. 2: Bactrian Armament in the Ancient Eastern and Greek Context, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, 2001.

Litvinsky B. A. Buddhism among Iranians / / Scripta Gregoriana. Collection in honor of G. M. Bongard-Levin, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, 2003.

Litvinsky, B. A., I. Pyankov V. the Military of the peoples of Central Asia in the VI IV centuries B. C. // journal of ancient history. 1966. № 3.

James S. The Excavations at Dura Europos conducted by Yale University and the French Academy of Inscriptions and Letters, 1928 to 1937. Final Report VII: The Arms and Armour and Other Military Equipment. L.: British Museum Press, 2004.

Hcwcs G. Primate Communication and the Gestural Origin of Language // Current Anthropology. No. 14. 1973.

Litvinskij B.A. and T. I. Zcimal. The Buddhist Monastery of Ajina Tepa, Tajikistan. History and Art of Buddhism in Central Asia. Rome: Istituto Italiano per l'Africa с l'Oriente. 2004.

13 I. L. Kyzlasov explains this by saying that the use of data from the political history and epigraphic materials of the Chiks of Tuva does not allow us to attribute the active influence of the Yenisei script on the culture of neighbors to the time earlier than the second half of the VIII century, and to the regions of Eastern Central Asia and Semirechye - earlier than the middle of the IX century.

14 Found eleven boulders and one stick with multi-line texts.

15 As well as the fact that all the Talas boulders contain epitaphs made, apparently, but stenciled.

There are practically no 16 collective prayers (currently only one is known).

17 The Sabatino culture is characterized by a high level of metalworking. Metal products of this culture are found both in the Egsides and in the Eastern Mediterranean. And on the territory of the Sabatino culture, pythos, popular in Mycenaean Greece, were discovered.

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