European capital, and with it the European way of life, began to be gradually introduced into various spheres of life in Iranian society starting in the 19th century. Even Naser al-Din Shah, who ascended the throne in 1848, strictly demanded the observance and dissemination of European manners and etiquette at court, supported the idea of secular education. A significant increase in this process was observed until the 1979 revolution, and it was to some extent encouraged by the country's leadership. The influence of the West on the ideology and culture of Iran was carried out in various ways, both direct and indirect. These include the expansion of trade with the West and strengthening economic relations with European countries and the United States, the work of Iranian specialists in borrowed technologies, the training of Iranian youth in France, England, Germany and the United States, the functioning of educational institutions where mainly foreign specialists taught, and foreign schools, as well as much more.

Keywords: Globalization, IRI, Iranian culture, Muslim leadership, language policy, Persian language, English borrowings.

The growing influence of the West affected, in particular, the Persian literary language, whose lexical system in the late XIX-early XX centuries was characterized by a massive penetration of Europeanisms. Especially many borrowings appeared in the terminology, which was due to the need to nominate new realities and the lack of development of the terminological systems of the Persian language. At the first stage, these were mainly borrowings from the French language. Against the background of the abundance of lexemes of French origin, only isolated intersperses of English words were observed [Peisikov, 1975, p. 51], despite the fact that until 1979, both English and American capital occupied dominant positions in Iran, and the Anglo-American influence on all spheres of life of Iranian society, with the exception of culture, was decisive. In this area, the dominant position belonged to France, which is explained by a number of both objective and subjective factors. The former include the high prestige of French culture and, as a result, the French language in the world, the proximity of Turkey and Russia, where the French language at that time played a significant role in the cultural life of both countries, as well as the fact that many Persians were educated in Russia, where they were actively introduced to French the language. Among the subjective circumstances, one should highlight the positive attitude of the ruling circles of Iran to the penetration of French culture and the French language into the country.

The late 19th and early 20th centuries in Iran are characterized by the development of the constitutional movement and new forms of statehood. At this time, French played a significant role in enriching the socio-political vocabulary of the Persian literary language. The gallicisms of this period include parleman parliament, demokrasi

democracy, kudeta coup d'etat, kongre congress, kabine cabinet, burzhuazi bourgeoisie and many others.

France has also had a positive impact on the development of the Iranian economy and the acceleration of scientific and technological progress in the country. In the vocabulary of the Persian language, this was reflected in the system of scientific and technical terminology, which borrowed during this period such French lexemes as, for example, kompani company, burs exchange, prozhe project, azhans agency, shimi chemistry, gramer grammar, fizik physics, etc.

The impact of French culture and the Western way of life was very noticeable in Iran until the 1979 revolution. It is also reflected in the vocabulary of the Persian language. French-language loanwords belonging to these thematic areas include deram drama, anstitu institut (research), bale ballet, mod fashion, and others.

Sports (patinazh speed skating, puen point, medal medal, etc.) and military vocabulary (zhenral general, manovr maneuver, bomb bomb, etc.) were also borrowed from the French language (Peisikov, 1975, p. 52-54; Rubinchik, 1970, p. 808).

It is believed that the vocabulary of English origin also sporadically penetrated the Persian language, probably from the end of the XIX century, as, for example, in the field of sports terminology (forward forward, kapitan captain gol goal and others).

The movement for the purity of the Persian language that emerged in Iran in the 1920s and 1930s can be seen as a reaction to the Westernization of public life in the country, and, as a result, to the increase in the number of borrowings from Western European languages, among which Gallicisms occupied a leading place. An important role in this campaign belonged to the one created in 1935 and lasted until 1941. Academies of Language and Literature. Its main task was to replace the borrowed vocabulary with newly constructed native, generally etymologically clear lexemes, or to restore Old Iranian words and phrases that had left the sphere of active functioning (Kameneva, 1983; Ismailov, 1973). So, for example, the word theater was proposed to be replaced by tamashaxane (tamasha inspection, viewing; hape building, room), dosye dossier on parvande, detector detector on ashkarsaz, arkolozhi archeology on bastanshenasi, etc. And it should be emphasized that many of the lexemes proposed by the Academy successfully function in the modern Persian language.

However, despite a very active and generally successful puristic activity, which gave the Persian language a significant number of lexical equivalents to the European borrowings that were functioning at that time, the socio-political, scientific, technical and everyday vocabulary continued to include a fairly large number of French borrowings, including internationalisms that came to the Persian language through French.

Cultural reorientation, which also led to a linguistic reorientation from French to English, began after the end of World War II and was active for several subsequent decades, until the Islamic Revolution, which also influenced the language policy pursued in Iran. The English language gradually took a more and more solid position in the public life of Iran. However, just as in Japan (Alpatov, 2004, p.23-27), mastering it was not widespread, which was due to the rather strong positions of the national, original Iranian culture and national traditions, the existence of constant opposition to Western influence as a protest against the country's inclusion in the sphere of cultural interests of the West.

The spread of scientific and technological progress in many countries of the world, including Iran, has put forward the urgent need to nominate new subjects, concepts and phenomena. Unlike in the past, it was English, not French, that played the main role in expanding the terminological fund of the Persian literary language. During this period, such scientific and technical terms as, for example, kampyuter computer, minibus minibus were borrowed from the English language,

fotokopi photocopy, tayip printing, konteyner container, treyler trailer and many others. The Persian language includes many sports terms-tim team, kar cup, estadium stadium, as well as everyday vocabulary-sandwich sandwich, eslayd slide, supermarket department store, etc. [Peisikov, 1975, p. 55].

The language policy systematically pursued by the ruling circles of Iran, aimed at replenishing the terminological composition of the Persian language at the expense of their own internal language resources, contributed to the creation of certain obstacles to the penetration of borrowed vocabulary, including Europeanisms, into the modern Persian language. Similar tasks were assigned to the activities created in late 1970. The Academy of the Language of Iran, which offered native Iranian lexemes as equivalents of borrowed vocabulary, primarily of English origin. For example, it was proposed to replace trafik street traffic with shodamad, mask mask with pushane, etc. [Uzina (Kameneva), 1980, pp. 136-138].

After the Islamic Revolution of 1979, when orthodox Muslim clergy came to power in Iran, an anti-Western orientation, including in the field of culture, became a characteristic feature of the political line of the new Iranian leadership. Within the framework of the cultural revolution declared in 1980 by the corresponding Decree of Imam Khomeini, the struggle for the identity of Iranian culture was declared. An integral part of the cultural policy was the language policy, which was aimed, among other things, at limiting the use of Western European languages themselves, primarily English in the life of Iran, and at combating the penetration of loanwords from these languages, primarily Anglicisms, into the modern Persian language. Such ideological attitudes were embodied in the ban on teaching Western European languages in primary schools, the reduction of teaching hours in secondary schools from six to four per week, the disbanding of all foreign schools in the country, the renaming of streets and squares named in a Western way, the termination of radio and television programs in English, and the closure of most periodicals in Russian. European languages, prohibiting the use of European words in state institutions and some other events by the decision of the Mejlis in 1995 [Keyhan, 1980; Rubinchik, 1999, pp. 173-174].

As for the Persian language itself, its lexical system develops under the influence of two trends, among others. On the one hand, this is a purposeful activity within the framework of the officially declared cultural doctrine of the Islamic Republic to reduce the number of Western European vocabulary in the Persian language and replace them with native language elements. In order to fulfill this important task in the field of language policy, the Academy of Persian Language and Literature was created in February 1990 by the decision of the Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution, which submits its proposals for public discussion in the form of newly created Persian terms instead of corresponding foreign-language words on the pages of the Academy Bulletin and other publications [Rubinchik, 1998, p. 132-135]. On the other hand, there is a spontaneous process of adding to the Persian vocabulary, primarily its terminological composition, due to borrowing from European languages. In the first years after the Islamic Revolution, French once again came out on top as a source language. This situation can probably be explained by political reasons, in particular, the sharply negative attitude of the Iranian leadership towards the United States and England. Relations between Iran and France were much more favorable, both before 1979 and after the victory of the Islamic Revolution. During this period, along with Anglicisms, French loanwords began to appear in the Persian language, the influx of which significantly decreased in the last decades before the revolutionary events of 1979. The French lexical innovations of this period include konvensyun convention, alternativ alternative, ultimatum ultimatum, zhenerik general (tarhe zhenerik general plan), term semester, taksiservis taxi service, tur

tour and many others. It is interesting that some lexemes were actively used in the Persian language even before the purist campaign of the 1920s and 1930s, but as a result of the activities of the Iranian Academy of Language and Literature, they fell out of use.

The stability of Western influence on the Persian language is explained by a number of objective reasons. This is primarily due to the fact that Iran's trade and economic relations and business contacts with Western partners and the training of Iranian students abroad, which continued after the 1979 revolution, forced the country's leadership to show a certain tolerance for European influence. Thus, in higher educational institutions of Iran, the study of English and French languages was preserved, and special courses on the study of English and German for students traveling to study abroad and for applicants to higher educational institutions also functioned.

The end of the 90s of the XX century-the beginning of the XXI century is a period of uncontrolled strengthening of the role of the English language in the public life of the Islamic Republic of Iran, its prestige and level of proficiency, especially among young people, who make up a significant part of the country's population. This state of affairs in the language field is a direct consequence of the influence of global globalization processes on Iran. Taking into account the fact that in modern sociolinguistic scientific literature, the linguistic aspect of globalization is usually associated with the spread of English as the language of the world, as a universal second language, it is not surprising that its further strengthening in the Iranian society, including as a source of borrowing [Alpatov, 2004, p.23-27]. Western European languages, and of course, primarily English, continue to occupy a certain niche in the system of language formations operating in Iran. They are taught in Iranian secondary and higher educational institutions, with Italian and Spanish added to English, French and German. For learning English, scientific literature is published - bilingual English-Persian and Persian-English dictionaries on various fields of knowledge, English grammars, textbooks and study guides, and fiction is published on it - works of classical English literature, such as novels by Ch. Dickens, etc. [Ketabe hafte, 1997-1998]. Iranian television has a special English - language news channel, Iran Press, aimed at both domestic and foreign consumers. It also publishes newspapers such as the Tehran Times and the Tehran Daily.

As for the vocabulary of the Persian language, despite all the puristic activities carried out by the Iranian Academy of Language and Literature, Anglicisms and Europeisms in general are actively functioning in the modern Persian language; a significant part of them have either already turned or are in the process of turning into internationalisms. This process is particularly active in the field of terminology. Borrowed Anglicisms include mobail mobile (telefon-e mobail mobile phone), labi lobby (political term), kemping camping, risk risk telekabin funicular cab, hamburgar hamburger and many others. Often borrowed and native lexemes either co-exist in the language almost on an equal footing, such as keshvari-civil civil, balgard, charxbal-helikopter helicopter, or borrowed ones prevail over the native variants proposed by the Academy of Language and Literature, such as kampyuter-rayane computer, telefone mobail-telefone hamrah mobile phone, etc.

Summing up, it should be emphasized that at present, the globalization processes taking place in the world, despite any ideological barriers, have a significant impact on the culture of modern Iranian society and on the Persian language. At the same time, it should be borne in mind that it is spontaneous in nature. At the same time, in modern Iran, the question of possible replacement of the Persian language by English is not on the agenda. Nor is it a question of the parallel functioning of these two languages in Iranian society, as for example, in India. The Persian language occupies a strong position in the Islamic Republic of Iran.

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Kameneva M. S. On the activities of two Academies of the Iranian language and some innovations in the vocabulary of the Persian literary language / / Development of languages in the countries of the Foreign East (post-war period). Moscow, 1983.

Keyhan. 01.07.1980.

Ketabe hafteh. 1997-1998.

Peisikov L. S. Leksikologiya sovremennogo persiskogo yazyka [Lexicology of the modern Persian language]. Moscow, 1975.

Rubinchik Yu. A. Grammatical essay of the Persian language / / Persian-Russian Dictionary, vol. 2, Moscow, 1970.

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Rubinchik YUA. Some problems of improving the Persian language at the end of the XX century / / Islamic Revolution in Iran: past, present, future. Moscow, 1999.

Uzina M. S. (Kameneva M. S.) Purism as a manifestation of nationalism in word-making activities in Iran and Turkey (1920-1970-ies) // Peoples of Asia and Africa. 1980. N 4.

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