The study of Taiwan occupies a peripheral place in Russian Oriental studies, and the ethnic history of the island is presented even more modestly. But the study of Taiwan has been conducted in Russia for almost 200 years, is known for its achievements and deserves a special historiographical excursion. In terms of access to the object of research, the works of Russians on the ethnic history of Taiwan can be divided into essays of eyewitnesses and correspondence studies. The works of Russian travelers and scientists who personally visited Taiwan in the late 18th and early 20th centuries are reviewed in a separate publication [Golovachev, 2012(2), pp. 152-161]. Correspondence studies included translations and scientific works of the 19th century, early 1930s, 1950s-1980s, and early 1990s. Their authors did not visit the island and studied it remotely, based on already published publications. The resumption of Russian-Taiwanese scientific ties after 1991 ushered in a new era for "Taiwanese scholars" in Russia. After a break of more than 60 years, they were given the opportunity to work in Taiwan, using all available sources and literature. This has significantly increased the number and quality of the group of "universal" publications on the island's ethnology, although the overall knowledge of this topic in Russia is still low. This article is a historiographical review of the second and third groups of publications by Russian Orientalists.

Keywords: Taiwan, Formosa, Russia, USSR, Oriental studies, Taiwan studies, ethnic history, ethnic studies, historiography.

The earliest known book in Russia with information about Formosa was the four-volume "Description of the Chinese Empire" edited by J. B. Du Halde, published in 1735 in French (Du Halde, 1735). This first European compendium on China, based on the writings of 27 Jesuit missionaries, became very popular and was quickly translated into many languages, including English (1738), German (1741), and Russian (1774) .1
Yu. Klaproth was one of the first Russian-related scholars to mention the polyethnic composition of the Formosans in an article on the native language of Formosa published in Europe in 1822 [Klaproth, 1822, p.193-202]. The article describes the geographical conditions of Formosa, the appearance of the Chinese in the Yuan and Ming eras, their settlement in the west, and the aborigines - in the mountains and in the east of the island. It speaks of the eternal war of the natives with the Chinese, of the Dutch rule and their missionary work among the natives. All this information, apparently taken from Duald's book, precedes the main part of the article, where the work of the Dutch missionary D. Gravius (1616-1678) "Breviary of Christianity" [Gravius, 1939] provides a lexical analysis of the language of the Siraya lowland nation2. Comparing it with the languages of other Asians, even with the language of the Tomsk Samoyeds, the author concludes in favor of the Malay-Indonesian roots of the Formosians [Klaproth, 1822, p. 193-196; Klaproth, 1823, p. 195-224; Klaproth, 1826, p.321-374].

1 The information presented in it summarized all the modern knowledge of Europeans about Formosa.

2 The Shiraya language, like the other extinct Farworlang language, was used by Dutch missionaries to preach Christianity in western Taiwan in 1624-1661.

page 162
Apart from the reports of Russian travelers and the above-mentioned works, there were probably no other "correspondence" works about Formosa in Russia in the 19th century. It was only at the beginning of the 20th century that Russians began to attract Japanese authors to study the island. The publication of a number of Japanese works on Taiwan, based on colonial statistics and field research reports, could not fail to attract the attention of world science in those years. In Russia, the reaction to the appearance of a new source was the translation of these works into Russian. For example, N. P. Matsokin's bibliographic essay 3 "On the ethnography of the Island of Formosa", published in 1914 by the journal "Bulletin of Asia", is compiled from articles by Ino Yoshinori in issues 188, 247, 248, 281 of the "Journal of the Tokyo Anthropological Society", devoted to the customs of skull hunting and initiation of adolescents, as well as traditions native tribes. Matsokin's translations were of great historiographical value, as they gave an idea of the ethnic composition, culture, customs, ritual symbolism and social hierarchy of the Formosans, as well as Japanese ethnology [Matsokin, 1914, p.50-56; Matsokin, 1916, p. 77-81].

Another" Formosa " milestone already in the historiography of the USSR was the article by V. D. Pozdneeva "The Island of Formosa or Taiwan", published in Izvestiya gosudarstvennogo RGO (Izvestiya gosudarstvennogo RGO) [Pozdneeva, 1929, pp. 229-360]. The article is devoted to the Formosa Exhibition in Tokyo, dedicated to the 35th anniversary of Japanese rule on the island. Pointing out that "Formosa has hitherto been given a very insignificant place in our Soviet literature," V. D. Pozdneeva suggests "making a trip to Formosa with our readers without leaving Tokyo." Using personal impressions of the exhibition, the report of the Governor-General of the island, T. Kawamura, and the textbook "New Geography, all Japan", the author introduces the reader "briefly with the latest general information about Taiwan". This information included a brief history of the island's settlement (Malays, Chinese, Japanese, and Europeans) and data on three population groups (Japanese, Lowland Natives, and Chinese, "Mountain Natives"). As a Marxist researcher, V. D. Pozdneeva paid special attention to the anti-Japanese struggle of the Formosans and the policy towards the "savage mountaineers". As the author writes: "The establishment of Japanese power over Formosa, firstly, is far from peaceful, and secondly, it cannot yet be considered complete" (Pozdneeva, 1929, pp. 340-341, 350, 357).

V. D. Pozdneeva's article was one of the last Soviet works on Taiwan written before the war following the author's visit to Japan. The period from the early 1930s to 1945 was a new stage of" correspondence " study of the island. Because of the contradictions between the USSR and Japan, Soviet orientalists lost access to Taiwan and were forced to return to remote study of the island in foreign-language literature. For the same reason, many works of those years, especially on the subject of colonies, were noticeably ideologized and dressed (sometimes for show) in the form of sharp criticism of colonialism and anti-communism.

Typical in terms of such rhetoric was A. Rosen's article "The Bloody Fortieth Anniversary", published in 1935 by the Pacific Ocean magazine on the occasion of the anniversary of Japanese rule on Formosa 4. Using the data of Japanese science5, the author exposes the "terrible path of forty years of barbaric management of the Japanese conquerors", including the ethnic policy of the Japanese, which consisted of "continuous extermination of aborigines", absolute Japanese domination, open discrimination, cruel oppression and assimilation of local residents [Rosen, 1935(1), p.105].

In describing the ethnic situation on the island, Rosen gives a brief historical digression and points out that Formosa, one of the oldest colonies in the world, had already passed 285 years of foreign rule before the transition to the Japanese in 1895. During more than two centuries of Chinese colonization, the natives were driven out of the western plain of the island and partially turned into dependent peasants. Due to the wars with the Chinese and the difficult life in the harshest areas, the total number of natives remained small, and by the second half of the XIX century, the Chinese already made up the majority of the island's population. After 1895, all command posts in politics and economics were taken over by the Japanese,

3 Nikolai P. Matsokin (1886-1937), Japanese scholar and sinologist; linguist, ethnographer, economist. Employee of the CER since 1911. He taught at VVI. Since 1922, he has been an associate professor at Far Eastern State University. From the mid-1910s to the mid-1920s, he worked in Harbin. Member of the Society of Russian Orientalists. In the second half of the 1920s, he was a professor at Far Eastern State University. Repressed.

4 A. Rosen is the pseudonym of A. Bremen, an employee of the Central Committee of the CPSU(b). Pacific Ocean is a political, socio-economic quarterly of the Institute of World Economy and World Economy of the Komakadsmii (Pacific Cabinet).

5 Rosen used data on demography and economics from the Nihon Keizai Nanpo (1931, vol. III, No. 5) and the book Ya. Tadao " Formosa under the rule of Japanese imperialism "(Rosen, 1935(1), pp. 110-111, 119; Rosen, 1935 (2), pp. 94, 97, 89).

page 163
and the structure of the colonial administration protected their interests to the detriment of the interests of the Formosans [Rosen, 1935(1), p. 105-106; Rosen, 1935 (2), p. 86].

About the situation of the natives, A. Rosen wrote that "such a regime as the Japanese established for the aborigines does not exist in any of the other colonies of the world." To the conquered tribes they apply a policy of assimilation, and to the recalcitrant - methods of extermination. "There is no doubt," Rosen predicted, " that if Japanese rule of Formosa continues for another ten years, the unconquered tribes will either be completely exterminated or "subjugated" in the same way as the Saiset tribe, of which only 1,300 people remain, although at the time of the Japanese occupation of the island they numbered 15,000 people.... In the" best case "under Japanese rule, they are doomed to gradual extinction" (italics by A. Rosen - V. G.). As Rosen writes further, all layers of Chinese on the island also lived under the pressure of the "most severe military-police regime" and were subjected to total cultural and linguistic discrimination. In fact, "the guiding principle of Japanese policy in recent years has been assimilation, or, more precisely, the Japanization of the local population" [Rosen, 1935(2), pp. 88-89].

Following the Japanese, Rosen distinguished three periods of their rule on Formosa: 1896-1906-the absence of a definite government policy towards the Formosans (according to Rosen, a period of widespread looting); 1906-1915 - increased repression against the natives and the conduct of an "educational policy" against the local Chinese; 1915-1935 (before the article was published) - the period of the so-called "anti-Japanese" policy. assimilation of the native population [Rosen, 1935(2), pp. 88-89]. Although this periodization is not entirely accurate, probably due to the author's lack of information, the very discussion of the periodization of the entire colonial history of the island has become a new word in Soviet "Taiwanese studies".

"The colony authorities," Rosen wrote, "even prided themselves on their 'beneficent' and ' cultural management.' But "the management of the Japanese on the island, wearing... The predatory nature caused strong resistance from the local population, especially Aborigines, and Japanese punitive expeditions... they assumed the character of authentic military campaigns that lasted for years" [Rosen, 1935(1), p. 105, 108; Rosen, 1935 (2), p. 89]. The discontent of the islanders, " external expansion and the crisis make the Japanese colonies, including Formosa, the weakest links in the system of Japanese imperialism... which can not only be the first to fall out of the general chain, but also take the entire monarchy with them." Awareness of this danger by the Japanese rulers led to the introduction of "self-government" on Formosa from April 1, 1935. But the appearance of reforms could not change the nature of the island's administration, since all power remained in the hands of the Governor-General. As a result, such "maneuvers" of the colonial authorities, Rosen predicted, "will not satisfy anyone, but, on the contrary, will lead to... strengthening of the national liberation movement on Formosa" (Rosen, 1935 (2), p.97).

Despite all the accusatory rhetoric, Rosen's article, as noted by F. A. Toder, was the last serious pre-war work on Taiwan in the USSR. The repressions that killed many Orientalists, as well as the struggle with militaristic Japan, did not contribute to the publication of new works on Taiwan in the USSR. The lack of researchers and research hindered obtaining a picture of real events on the island [Toder, 1993, p. 52-53]. Therefore, to get out of this situation, a translation was made of the book "Formosa under the rule of Japanese Imperialism", written in 1929 by the socialist Yanaihara Tadao. This book, published in Russian in the USSR in 1934, is based on a wide range of sources and contains a lot of valuable information about the ethnopolitical, economic and cultural state of the island. Assessing the situation in and around Taiwan at the turn of the 1930s, Tadao concluded that the time for broad social movements has not come, "the ideas of communism are an alien body for Formosa", the national movement cannot yet be fully proletarized, since the proletariat is weak, and the influence of the small and medium Formosa bourgeoisie and landlords is still great [Tadao, 1934, pp. 152-156, 161-162].

These conclusions provoked a sharp rebuke from Soviet publishers, who saw in them "the eclectic obstinacy of the author, whose social-fascist conclusions no reality can break through" (Tadao, 1934, p. XIX-XX). But the Japanese socialist's cautious conclusions proved more realistic than the bold predictions of his Marxist critics. Time itself has proved that the materials presented in the book are valuable not only for their rich texture, but also for the author's deeply competent judgments.

N. V. Kuehner's article "Collective hunts among the Formosa tribes (among the Atayal tribe)" published in 1937 is somewhat different from other pre-war works (Kuehner, 1937). Apparently, due to the specifics of the time and the magazine "Soviet Ethnography", the article is purely descriptive.

page 164
character without any ratings or comments. For example, there is no seemingly relevant mention of the ban on the custom of "bounty hunting" by the Japanese authorities. Nevertheless, in addition to a diligent retelling of ethnographic facts, the article is valuable for a list of literature on Atayal in Russian, Japanese, and Western languages, as well as three maps of Aboriginal settlement with explanations [Kuehner, 1937, pp. 101, 108-109]. Around the same time, Kuehner compiled two manuscripts: "Mountain Tribes of Formosa" and "Peoples of the Island of Formosa (Taiwan)" [Kuehner, Archive I; Kuehner, Archive II], which had a larger format, but were never published.

After the Second World War, many years passed before Soviet Oriental studies re-included Taiwan in the field of their research. Post-war difficulties and the political acuteness of the Taiwan problem made studying the socio-cultural aspects of the island's life impossible and unsafe [Toder, 1993, pp. 53-54]. An exception was the dissertation available only to specialists, "The capture of Formosa by Japan", defended in 1946 by F. A. Toder.

For Soviet citizens, literature about the island was mostly translated from Chinese, such as the reference book "Taiwan: a Geographical Sketch" published three times in the USSR in 1953-1959, in which, as publishers assured, "The author convincingly shows the historical belonging of Taiwan to China." According to the author of this "patriotic book", "the people of Taiwan... we will not tolerate the yoke of strangers. The entire Chinese people are concerned about the fate of their Taiwanese compatriots. Defending their sovereignty, the workers of the People's Republic of China will not weaken their efforts aimed at fulfilling the sacred duty of liberating Taiwan" [Wu Chuanda, 1959, p.4, 11].

In addition to such rhetoric, the handbook contains data on the settlement, national composition, and number of Taiwanese before 1943, based on Japanese sources (Wu Chuanda, 1959: 84, 88-90). The author also provides information on the ways and history of Chinese migration, Japanese colonial policy, people's struggle with the Japanese after 1895, etc. To justify the Chinese ownership of the island, the author cites the hypothesis of the migration of the first aborigines from the coast of southern or south-eastern China and "lengthens" the history of Chinese immigration in the imperial period to 1700 years. The section "Gaoshan people" gives a picture of the settlement of lowland and mountain tribes, their numbers, information about their oppression, Japanization, and struggle against Japanese rule. After the defeat of the Japanese in 1945 and the flight of the Kuomintang to Taiwan in 1949, the author says, "the oppression of the Gaoshan people by the Changkaishists takes increasingly violent forms" [Wu Zhuanda, 1959, pp. 90-106]. At the end of the book, the author again recalls that "Taiwan is the original Chinese land", and the 1700-year development of Taiwan is the merit of "hardworking Chinese people". Therefore, "returning to the bosom of a prosperous and strong homeland" promises the island "bright prospects for development and will enable the Taiwanese people to live a new, happy life" [Wu Chuanda, 1959, pp. 318-320].

New scientific works on the ethnography of Taiwan appeared in the USSR only in the late 1950s. G. G. Stratanovich's article "Some data on the ethnography of Amei" (Stratanovich, 1958), as well as V. N. Kuehner's article, was published in the journal "Soviet Ethnography" in the form of a description of the material culture, everyday life, rituals and customs of the people amei. But the author presents the facts not by themselves, but in the context of the general ethnogenesis of the peoples of East Asia and the question of the correctness of the exoethnonym Gaoshan as a common name for diverse mountain and lowland aborigines. Like the Soviet scientists of the 1930s, Stratanovich did not have the conditions for field expedition work in Taiwan. At the same time, the article uses for the first time the records of an oral survey of two Amei natives conducted during the author's trip to Beijing in 1957.

The topic of Aboriginal ethnogenesis was also raised by G. G. Stratanovich in 1962. In the message " On the question of ways to resettle the Gaoshan tribes on the island of Taiwan" [Stratanovich, 1962] the author cites the report of E. Kaneko made in 1957 at the XII Forum of the Society of Japanese Ethnologists and Anthropologists. The report, based on the field materials of Kaneko and other Japanese colleagues, presented Aboriginal beliefs in the context of the Gaoshan ethnogenesis. According to Kaneko, thanks to a detailed burial ritual, various tribes of Formosans have preserved more or less clear memories of the original areas of their migration to Taiwan, which allows us to map approximate routes of their settlement on the island. Unfortunately, G. G. Stratanovich's articles only covered these topics. And the approach to the "national problem" of the island was voiced by him in the usual way for official Chinese science: Taiwan is a native Chinese land [Stratanovich, 1962, pp. 176-177].

The deterioration of Soviet-Chinese relations in the 1960s again complicated the study of Taiwan in the USSR. One of the rare publications of those years was the article by B. M. Novikov " The Uprising of 1787-

page 165
1788 in Taiwan" (Novikov, 1966). Describing the ethno-social conditions that largely determined the fate of the uprising, the author points out the complex relations between different ethnic groups of "Gaoshan" and Chinese (Han), as well as between people from different provinces of China (Fujian, Guangdong, etc.). Disputes and conflicts between them were actively used by the Qing authorities and local landlords. The instigators of the uprising were members of the secret "Society of Heaven and Earth" (Tiandihui), which put forward the anti-Manchu slogan " Overthrow Qing, restore Ming "(Fan Qing fu Ming). But the slogan was formal, and the ethnic factor did not so much unite as divide the rebels. As a result, mutual discord and alienation of ethnic groups became fatal for the entire uprising [Novikov, 1966, pp. 200-202, 216].

The interest of the Soviet leadership in the" Taiwan problem", which was aroused at the turn of the 1970s, led to improved conditions for publishing works on Taiwan. F. A. Toder was one of the first to return to the study of ethnic subjects. In her 1972 article on the transformation of Chinese traditions in Taiwan (Toder, 1972), she mentions three waves of mass Chinese migrations (12th-16th, 17th and 18th centuries), which led to a rapid increase in the number of Chinese on the island. Immigrants from Guangdong and Fujian spoke different dialects and were sharply divided into two groups - Hakka and Punshi (Fujians), each of which relied on its own traditions and communities. Social and ethnic strife greatly complicated the relations of the Formosians. Cooperation and competition between different ethnosocial groups required an intermediary system of governance and control at the level of colonial authorities, local communities and clans. The creation of this system was part of the policy of the Dutch, Manchus, and Japanese towards the Chinese [Toder, 1972, pp. 314-321, 325].

As for the change in traditions, Thoder wrote: "The Taiwanese reality has united the Chinese into a certain social community, based on its own... It clearly opposed the traditional practices of mainland China that the Qing government was trying to impose on the island's population. ...Clash of classic Chinese traditions of centralized management... with Taiwan's own established norms... it was the cause of numerous uprisings and unrest" [Toder, 1972, p. 326].

As in China, popular movements on the island took a mostly religious form, hiding under the guise of secret societies and sects. During the times of Zheng Chenggong and the Qing Dynasty, this activity was often carried out under anti-Manchu slogans. After the capture of the island in 1895, Japan could not suppress the resistance of the Formosans by brute force. Therefore, it had to switch to "scientific" management, taking into account the ethnic psychology and traditions of the Chinese. Half a century of Japanese domination has left a noticeable imprint on the traditions, culture and life of the Formosa Chinese. In general, Toder concludes, in the special circumstances of Taiwan, national Chinese traditions have undergone certain changes over many centuries, up to the emergence of new social traditions. These changes were determined both by the spirit of the times and by the policy of the authorities, who tried to use traditions as levers to enslave the Chinese population of Taiwan (Toder, 1972, pp. 326-328, 330-332).

The ethnic policy of the island's rulers is also presented in F. A. Toder's monograph "Taiwan and Its History (XIX century)" (Toder, 1978). In the 19th century, the ethnic factor played an important role in the struggle of the capitalist powers for Taiwan, which ended with the capture of the island by Japan. In this regard, Toder showed the origins of Chinese migration and the peculiarities of ethno-social development on the island, the policy of Europeans and Qing, the capture of Taiwan by the Japanese, the successes and failures of Japanese policy at the beginning of colonial rule (1895-1905), etc. For the first time in the USSR, the author considered the people's struggle against the seizure of the island by Japan and the creation in 1895 of the "state of people's government of Taiwan" - the first formally proclaimed republic in Asia.

The theme of the people's struggle against the establishment of Manchu power in Taiwan is also discussed in the book by N. I. Fomina "The Struggle against the Qing in the South-East of China: mid-17th century" (Fomina, 1974). In chapter 4, "Turning Taiwan into a base for anti-Qing struggle", the author highlighted many aspects of Taiwanese history that were little known in the USSR, such as Zheng Chenggong's struggle with the Manchus and their expulsion from the island of the Dutch, the structure, internal and foreign policy of the Zheng state, etc. The wide range of sources and literature used allowed the author to reveal more deeply the role of ethnopolitical factors in the death of the Zheng Dynasty and the evolution of forms of anti-Qin struggle at the late stage of the Manchu conquest of China in the late 17th century (Chapter 5). The author's obvious merit was to attract the works of not only Chinese, but also Taiwanese historians,as well as a number of "anti-Qin" sources, such as the decrees of Zheng Chenggong and the text of his treaty on Taiwan with the capitulated Dutch [Fomina, 1974, p. 6]. In historiography-

page 166
In this section, N. I. Fomina examines discussions about the correlation of national and other social factors of the anti-Qin struggle, reflecting the opinions of Chinese, Western and Soviet sinologists. Referring to the conclusions of G. S. Kara-Murza, the author concludes that " it is impossible to overestimate the purely national moments in the attitude of the Chinese towards the Manchus. Anti-Manchu sentiments were largely determined by the fact that it was the Manchus who were exploiters of the Chinese people "(Fomina, 1974: 26-27). This judgment is also relevant for subsequent anti-Qing popular movements in Taiwan.

In the 1960s and 1970s, Soviet ethnologists also paid attention to the study of the aborigines of Taiwan. For example, R. F. Its devoted the chapter "Indonesian peoples" in the volume "Peoples of East Asia" and the work on Aboriginal industrial associations to Gaoshan. But Its studied Gaoshan only in the general context of the ethnogenesis and migrations of the peoples of East Asia, without focusing on the ethnic history of Taiwan itself [Narody..., 1965; Its, 1972(1); Its, 1972 (2)].

Active study of the island's ethnic history has been conducted since the late 1960s by M. F. Chigrinsky, who was the first in the USSR to present the main range of ethnic problems studied in world Taiwanese studies. His works provide an overview of the most important written, archaeological, and other sources and literature on the island's ethnic history (Chigrinsky, 1997). A great achievement of M. F. Chigrinsky was the return to scientific circulation of the forgotten works of P. Ibis [Chigrinsky, 1982; Chigrinsky, 1984], A. K. Moltrecht [Chigrinsky, 1983], S. G. Eliseev [Chigrinsky, 1992] and the revival of interest in the names of these talented Russian researchers in Taiwan.

In addition to studying sources and historiography, the researcher's interests include such topics as ancient migrations and the settlement of the island by natives, the ethnic composition of the inhabitants of Taiwan in the XVII century, the history of Chinese and European colonization, the social system, the material and spiritual culture of the aborigines, the ethnic policy of the Qing in Taiwan, etc. [Chigrinsky, 1972; Chigrinsky, 1994; Chigrinsky, 1995; Chigrinsky, 1998]. The peak of his scientific work was his PhD thesis "Aborigines of Taiwan: an Essay on ethnic History and Culture", defended in 1993. In the dissertation, based on the corpus of European, Chinese and Japanese sources, the author summarized the accumulated information about the aborigines of Taiwan. In particular, it analyzes data on the ethnography of lowland Aborigines in the period before their assimilation, examines the social organization, material and spiritual culture of mountain aborigines, shows the main ways of ethnogenesis and stages of their ethnic history. Special attention is paid to the policy towards natives carried out by European, Chinese and Japanese colonialists, as well as by the Kuomintang authorities after 1945. Noting the rapid acculturation and assimilation of aborigines in modern Taiwan, M. F. Chigrinsky concludes that "in these conditions, all attempts of the Gaoshan intelligentsia to restore traditional institutions are unlikely to yield positive results" [Chigrinsky, 1993, pp. 1, 7-11, 25]. In fact, the situation of Taiwan's indigenous peoples has improved markedly since 1993, and today, with the support of the authorities and the aforementioned "Gaoshan intelligentsia," most of them are experiencing a rapid ethno-cultural revival.

The inaccuracy of Chigrinsky's private forecasts does not detract from the significance of his research. By the end of the 1990s, he had published more than 30 works on the ethnic history and culture of Taiwan [Chigrinsky, 1993, pp. 26-27] and, in fact, made the greatest contribution to the study of this topic by Russian Orientalists.

The revival of Russian-Taiwanese relations in the 1990s and the surge of general interest of Russians in the island required a revision of the accumulated scientific heritage. This problem was partly solved by F. A. Toder's article "The History of Taiwan Studies in Russia" [Toder, 1993]. A. N. Khokhlov published important archival materials of the XIX-XX centuries in the 1990s with reports of Russians about Taiwan and its inhabitants [Khokhlov, 1993; Khokhlov, 1973].

In the same years, Academician B. L. Riftin continued studying the culture and folklore of the Taiwanese Aborigines, taking advantage of the opportunity to work on the island that had reappeared among Russians. Over the years of his work in Taiwan (1992-1998), the scientist collected and studied a wealth of material on aboriginal myths and traditions concerning many aspects of ethnic history, as well as on the contribution of N. A. Nevsky to the study of the Tsou people [Riftin, 1992; Riftin, 1998; Riftin, 2001; Kucher, 2000; Azarenko, Komissarov,2000; 2005]. SI works. Kucera, published after a visit to Taiwan in 1995-1996, is devoted to the subject of primitive history and possible ways of settling the island in the light of archaeological data [Kucera, 1996, pp. 256-264; Kucera, 1998].

The beginning of the XXI century coincided with the appearance of new works and names of Orientalists, who significantly revived the study of the ethnic history of Taiwan in Russia. Their strong point was their mastery of theory,

page 167
personal knowledge of the island and access to a full range of sources and literature, including Taiwanese, Japanese, Chinese, Russian and Western academic works.

Works on the ethnic history and politics of Taiwan published in Russia during the first decade of the XXI century are not numerous, but cover many topics, such as the ways of ancient migrations and settlement of the island, the connections of ancient cultures with modern indigenous ethnic groups [Azarenko, 2003; Azarenko, 2005, pp. 151-158; Azarenko, 2006]; management policy natives under the Dutch [Golovachev, 2010 (2)]; customs and folklore of Taiwanese aborigines [Azarenko and Komissarov, 2003; Golovachev 2007(1)]; language policy on the island in the XVII-XXI centuries. [Golovachev, 2007 (1, 2); Azarenko, 2001; Azarenko, 2002]; the struggle of Taiwanese against Japan in 1895, the doctrine of pan-Asiatism, education and the policy of assimilation (Japanization) of Formosans during the Japanese rule (1895-1945) [Golovachev, 2006; Golovachev, 2008(1); Golovachev, 2008(2); Golovachev, 2009; Belogurova, 1999; Belogurova, 2000]; the policy of" de-Japonization"," Decitaization "and" Taiwanization "of Taiwanese society [Golovachev, 2007 (3); Azarenko, 2001]; the formation of "Taiwanese identity" [Ishutina, 2006; Golovachev, 2010(1)], etc.

The accumulated concrete material made possible the appearance of generalizing works in which the ethnic history of Taiwan is considered in the context of ethno-national politics and nation-building in China (Moskalev, 2005; Kuznetsov, 2010). Historiographical works summarizing the achievements of world science have become a clear sign of reaching a new level. Ethnological studies of Russian, Taiwanese, and Japanese scientists of the 19th and 21st centuries are reviewed in several articles by Russian authors [Azarenko, 2004; Azarenko and Komissarov, 2007; Golovachev, 2011 (2); Golovachev, 2011(3); Golovachev, 2011(4); Golovachev, 2012(1); Golovachev, 2012(2); Kuznetsov, 2010]. The most complete review of the historiography of the People's Republic of China has been made to date by Yu. A. Azarenko. Despite the slightly "narrowed" title, the article "Ethnolinguistic processes in Taiwan in the light of the historiography of the PRC" reveals general trends in the study of ethnic processes and languages of the peoples of Taiwan in the past and present by Chinese scientists. It discusses the relevance of ethnological studies of Taiwan in the PRC and their development, examines the differences in the terminology of mainland and Taiwanese ethnologists, as well as the relationship between their research (Azarenko, 2008). A detailed review of historiography in Western European languages (American, Australian, European, etc.) on this topic is presented in the articles of V. C. Golovachev [Golovachev, 2011(1)].

In general, the severity and urgency of ethnic problems associated with the complex ethnic situation on the island and the specifics of relations between the two sides of the Taiwan Strait determine the active attention of the world community, politicians and scientists to them. For Russian Orientalists, the study of Taiwan's ethnic history and politics also remains an important scientific task.

list of literature

Azarenko Yu. A. Overcoming the Japanese heritage in Taiwan in the second half of the 1940s / / Student and Scientific and Technical Progress: Materials of the XXXIX International Scientific Student Conference of NSU. Issue: Oriental Studies. Novosibirsk, 2001.

Azarenko Yu. A. Osnovnye napravleniya deyatel'nosti kuomintangskogo pravitel'stva v yazykovoy politike v 1949-1980-kh. [The main directions of the Kuomintang government in language policy in 1949-1980-ies]. Series: History, Philology, Vol. 1, Vol. 2. Novosibirsk, 2002.

Azarenko Yu. A. The problem of settlement of Taiwan and the southern coast of China by Austronesians // Student and Scientific and Technical Progress: Proceedings of the XLI International Scientific Student Conference of NSU. Issue: Oriental Studies. Novosibirsk, 2003.

Azarenko Yu. A. Ethnolinguistic processes in Taiwan in the coverage of the historiography of the People's Republic of China // Bulletin of NSU. Series: History, Philology, Vol. 7, No. 4. Novosibirsk, 2008.

Azarenko Yu. A. Ethnological and historical study of Taiwan in the Republic of China and in Russia // International conference of students and young scientists "Lomonosov", ISAA MSU. Collection of reports. Section "Oriental Studies and African Studies", Moscow, 2004 http://www.studunion.msu.ru/lomonosov/Pdf/Afr.pdf

Azarenko Yu. A. Migration of the Han Chinese to Taiwan before 1895 and their relations with the Aborigines. XXXV Scientific Conference, Moscow, 2005.

Azarenko Yu. A. The development of Taiwan by the Austronesians (based on archaeological materials). Vestnik NGU. Series: History, Philology, Vol. 5, No. 4. Novosibirsk, 2006.

Azarenko Yu. A., Komissarov S. A. Ritualnaya okhota za golovami taiwanskikh aborigenov v etnograficheskikh i arkheologicheskikh testified [Ritual head hunting of Taiwanese aborigines in ethnographic and archaeological evidence]. Omsk, 2003.

Azarenko Yu. A., Komissarov S. A. Mythology of Taiwanese Aborigines: On the pages of a monograph by corresponding member. RAS B. L. Riftin // Bulletin of NSU. Series: History, Philology, Vol. 4, No. 3, Novosibirsk, 2005.

page 168
Azarsnko Yu. A., Komissarov S. A. Izuchenie etnografii Taiwana rossiiskimi issledovatel'ami [Studying the ethnography of Taiwan by Russian researchers]. Saransk, 2007.

Bslogurova A. E. Program of the Japanese Administration for assimilation of the population of Taiwan and its implementation (1937-1945). Obshchestvo i gosudarstvo v Kitae [Society and State in China]. XXIX Scientific Conference, Moscow, 1999.
Bslogurova A. E. Politika yaponskoy administratsii na Taiwane [The policy of the Japanese Administration in Taiwan]. 2000. № 1.

Golovachev V. Ts." Gosudarstvo narodnogo pravleniya Taiwanii " - pervaya respublika v Azii ["The State of People's Government in Taiwan" - the first Republic in Asia]. XXXVI scientific conference, Moscow, 2006.
Golovachev V. TS. The legend of the lost writings of the Taiwanese Aborigines and the European rule on Formosa / / Society and State in China. XXXVII nauchnaya konferentsiya, Moscow, 2007 (1).
Golovachev V. TS. Etapy i vekhi yazykovoy politiki Taiwana [Stages and milestones of the language policy of Taiwan]. Problemy Dalnogo Vostoka [Problems of the Far East], Moscow, 2007(2). no.5.

Golovachev V. Ts. Taiwan at the dawn of the XXI century-change of symbols, rituals and prejudices / / Rise of China: significance for global and regional stability, Moscow, 2007(3).

Golovachev V. TS. The visit of the civil governor of Formosa to Fuzhou in 1900 and the doctrine of "unanimity" of the Japanese and Chinese / / Society and State in China. XXXVIII Scientific Conference, Moscow, 2008(1).
Golovachev V. TS. The Simonoseki Treaty and China's Struggle against the Cession of Taiwan (1894-1895). East (Oriens). 2008(2). № 5.

Golovachev V. Ts.Obrazovanie kak faktor etnicheskoi politiki v periodom yaponskogo kolonialnogo pravleniya na Taiwane (1895-1945) [Education as a factor of Ethnic politics in the period of Japanese Colonial rule in Taiwan (1895-1945)]. XXXIX Scientific Conference Moscow, 2009.

Golovachev V. TS. Krizis global'noi identichnosti i "dukhovnaya dekolonizatsiya" Taiwana [The crisis of Global Identity and the "Spiritual decolonization" of Taiwan]. 2010(1). № 1.

Golovachev V. TS. The policy of conquering Aborigines in the early period of the Dutch colonization of Taiwan (1624-1636). 2010(2). № 5.

Golovachev V. Ts. Etnicheskaya istoriya i politika Taiwana v zapadnoy istoriografii [Ethnic History and Politics of Taiwan in Western historiography]. XLI scientific Conference, Moscow, 2011(1).

Golovachev V. C. Contribution of Russian Orientalists to the study of the ethnic history of Taiwan // Modernization and Traditions. XXVI International Scientific Conference "Source Studies and Historiography of Asian and African Countries", St. Petersburg, 2011 (2).

Golovachev V. TS. Studies on the ethnology of Taiwan in the works of Japanese scientists of the colonial and post-war period II Japan: yearbook. 2011. Moscow, 2011(3).

Golovachev V. Ts. Etnicheskie issledovaniya na Taiwane v period s 1945 do kontsa 1980-kh: istoriograficheskii obzor [Ethnic Studies in Taiwan in the Period from 1945 to the late 1980s: a historiographical review]. Collection of articles dedicated to the 80th anniversary of Yu. V. Chudodeev, Moscow, 2011 (4).

Golovachev V. TS.Etnicheskaya istoriya i politika Taiwana v trudakh taiwanskikh uchenykh (evolyutsiya istoriograficheskikh podkhodov v 1980-2010 gg.) [Ethnic History and Politics of Taiwan in the Works of Taiwanese scientists (evolution of historiographic approaches in 1980-2010)]. XLII Scientific Conference. Ch. 2. Moscow, 2012(1).

Golovachev V. TS. Etnicheskaya istoriya Taiwana v trudakh rossiiskikh travelnikov i uchenykh (kontsa XVIII - pervaya tret XX V.) [The Ethnic History of Taiwan in the Works of Russian travelers and scientists (the end of the 18th-first third of the 20th century)]. 2012(2). № 2.

Its R. F. Archaic forms of social and industrial associations of Taiwanese mountaineers // Okhotniki, soboteli, rybolovyi [Hunters, Gatherers, and Fishermen]. l., 1972(1).

Its R. F. Etnicheskaya istoriya Yugo-Vostochnoy Azii [Ethnic History of Southeast Asia].

Ishutina Yu. A. Formation and representation of the national identity of Taiwanese people. Authorsf. diss. ... cand. cult of science. Vladivostok, 2006.

Kuznetsov A.M. Problema Taiwana v etnopoliticheskom kontekste [The problem of Taiwan in the ethnopolitical context]. Vladivostok, 2010.

Kucera S. Paleolith of Taiwan / / Kucera S. The oldest and oldest history of China. Drevnekamennyi vek [Ancient Stone Age], Moscow, 1996.
Kucera S. [Archaeological study of the Penghu Islands]. Obshchestvo i gosudarstvo v Kitae [Society and State in China]. XXVIII Scientific Conference, vol. 1, Moscow, 1998.

Kucera S. Rsc. on the book: Li Fuqing (V. Riftin). Cong shenhua dui guihua. Taiwan yuanzhumin shenhua gushi bijiao yanjiu (From Myths to Ghost Stories. Comparative Studies on Taiwan Aboriginal Tales). Taichungshi: Chen-hsing chubanshe (Taiwan yuanzhuminshi; No. 26) / / East (Oriens). 2000. № 1.

Kuntsr N. V. Kollektivnye okhota u formozskikh plemen (u plemeni atayal) [Collective hunting among the Formosan tribes (Atayal tribe)]. 1937. № 2-3.

Kuntsr N. V. Mountain tribes of Formosa [Vtoraya redaktioniya] / / Archiv IV AN SSSR. F. 91. Op. 2 (Archiv I).

Kunsr N. V. Peoples of the island of Formosa (Taiwan) II Archive LOIE. F. 8. Op. 1. sd. hr. 90 (Archive II).

Matsokin N. P. On the ethnography of Formosa Island: Native Legends about Pygmies. Hunting for skulls from the Tsalissn tribe. Aversion to twins. Aborigines and monkeys // Bulletin of Asia. 1914. № 31/32.

Matsokin N. P. Symbols of power among the Tsalissn tribe on Formosa Island // Bulletin of Asia. 1916. № 33/39.

Moskalev A. A. Nation and Nationalism in China, Moscow, 2005.
Peoples of East Asia / Edited by N. N. Cheboksary, S. Brook, R. F. Its, G. G. Stratonovich, Moscow-L., 1965.

page 169
Novikov B. M. Vosstanie 1787-1788 gg. na Taiwane [The Uprising of 1787-1788 in Taiwan].
Pozdnssva V. D. Formosa Island or Taiwan / / Izvestiya Gosudarstvennogo russkogo geograficheskogo obshchestva, Vol. XLI, Issue 2. L., 1929.

Riftin B. L. U naroda tsou: Po 64 goda posle N. A. Nevskogo [The people of Tsou: 64 years after N. A. Nevsky]. 1992. № 5.

Riftin B. L. Legends about evil spirits in the folklore of Taiwan aborigines // Eastern Demonology: From Folk Beliefs to Literature, Moscow, 1998.
Riftin B. L. Tsung shenhua dao guihua: Taiwan yuanzhumin shenhua gushi bijiao yangju (From Myths to Tales of Evil Spirits: a Comparative Study of the Myths and tales of the Aborigines of Taiwan). Taichung, 1998. Expanded edition called "Shenhua yu Guihua" (myths and tales of evil spirits). Beijing, 2001.

Rosen A. The Bloody fortieth Anniversary (Formosa 1895-1935)., 1935(1); № 3(5). End date: 1935(2). № 4(6).

Stratanovich G. G. Nekotorye dannye po etnografii amei ("gaoshan") [Some data on the ethnography of Amei ("gaoshan")]. 1958. № 5.

Stratanovich G. G. On the question of ways of resettlement of the "Gaoshan" tribes to the island. Taiwan // Soviet ethnography. 1962. № 4.

Tadao Yanaihara. Formosa under the Rule of Japanese Imperialism, Moscow, 1934.
Todsr F. A. Transformatsiya kitayskikh traditsii na Taiwane [Transformation of Chinese traditions in Taiwan].
Todsr F. A. Taiwan and its history. XIX V. Moscow, 1978.

Todsr F. A. Istoriya izucheniya Taiwana v Rossii [History of studying Taiwan in Russia]. Problemy Dalnego Vostoka, No. 5, 1993.

At Zhuang's. Taiwan. Geograficheskiy ocherk (Peking, 1957) / Translated from the Chinese by A. V. Kotova and A. F. Kotova, Moscow, 1959.

Fomina N. I. Struggle against the Qing in the South-East of China. Mid-17th century Moscow, 1974.

Khokhlov A. N. Istoricheskie svyazi Rossii s Taiwanem (do 1917 g.) [Historical relations between Russia and Taiwan (before 1917)].
Khokhlov A. N. Aborigens of Taiwan at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries through the eyes of a Russian journalist. 1995-1997. St. Petersburg, 1997.

Chigrinsky M. F. From the Historical geography and Ethnography of Taiwan // Countries and peoples of the East. Issue XIII. Countries and peoples of the Pacific basin. Book 2. Moscow, 1972.

Chigrinsky M. F. Paul Ibis's journey to Taiwan // Soviet ethnography. 1982. № 2.

Chigrinsky M. F. Graduate of the University of Tartu doctor A. K. Moltrsht-researcher of the Far East // On the development of medicine and physical education at the University of Tartu. Questions of the history of the University of Tartu. Issue 15. (Materials of the TSU History Commission and the TSU History Museum). Tartu, 1983.

Chigrinsky M. F. Rossiyskiy ofitser P. I. Ibis i sgo zapiski o travestvii po Taiwanyu v 1875 g. [The Russian officer P. I. Ibis and SGO notes on a trip to Taiwan in 1875]. Strany i narody Vostoka [Countries and Peoples of the East]. Issue XXIV. Moscow, 1984.

Chigrinsky, M. F., S. G. Eliseev's Journey to Taiwan, Maklaev Readings, 1992: Brief content of Reports, St. Petersburg, 1992.
Chigrinsky M. F. Aborigines of Taiwan: an essay on ethnic history and traditional culture. Authorsf. diss. ... cand. istor. nauk, St. Petersburg, 1993.

Chigrinsky M. F. On the Austronesian migration in Taiwan / / Maklaev Readings, 1993-1994. St. Petersburg, 1994.

Chigrinsky M. F. Ding Shaoyi o natsional'noi politike tsinskikh vlast ' na Taiwane [Ding Shaoyi on the national policy of the Qing authorities in Taiwan]. Kuehner Readings, 1993-1994: brief content of reports.

Chigrinsky M. F. "Linhaishui tuzhi" - a Chinese source on the ethnography of Taiwan // Maklaev Readings, 1995-1997. St. Petersburg, 1997.

Chigrinsky M. F. On the ethnic policy of the Qing in Taiwan / / Kuehner Readings, 1995-1997: summary of reports, St. Petersburg, 1998.
Du Haldc J.-В. Description géographique, hislorique, chronologique, politique et physique de l'empire de la Chine et de la Tartarie Chinoise. P.: P.G. Lc Mcrcicr, 1735.

Gravius D. Formulary of Christianity in the Siraya Language of the Formosa // Memoirs of the Faculty of Literature and Politics Taihoku Imperial University. Taihoku, 1939.

Klaproth J.H. Sur la langue des indigènes de l'ilc de Formosc // Journal Asiatique. T. 1, 1822, http://www. archive.org/strcam/journalasiatiqu04fragoog/journalasiatiqu04fragoog_djvu.txt

Klaproth J.H. Description de Formosc (Описание Формозы) // Nouvelles annates des voyages, de la geographic et de l'histoire 20. 1823.

Klaproth J.H. Description de l'ile de Formose, extraite de livres Chinois [Description of the Island of Formosa, Extracted from Chinese Texts]. Vol. 1 of Mémoires relatifs à l'Asic. P.: Librairie Oricntale de Dondey-Dupré Père et fils, 1826.

page 170

Permanent link to this publication: