Pacific Asia (TA)¹ is the largest geo-economic and geopolitical space: the population is about 2.3 billion. The total GDP of the region has almost reached $ 15 trillion, which is 25% of its global volume or approximately equal to the GDP of the United States. At the same time, the undisputed economic leaders of the region are China and Japan - they account for more than 65% of TA2's total GDP.

Naturally, the rapid economic growth and expansion of ties between the TA economies have led to the formation of various regional institutions that form the integration environment here. The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Forum, which was established in 1989 and includes a number of Eastern Pacific states (USA, Canada, Chile, Mexico, and Peru) in addition to the TA countries, is the broadest and least formal one in terms of coverage of countries (which goes beyond TA). A sub-regional political and economic association, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), has a different character (both geographical and substantive). In the wake of (and as a result of) the 1997-1998 Asian financial crisis, new sub - regional and regional economic groupings began to emerge in TA. First of all, these are the three North-East Asian countries-NEA-3 (Japan, China and South Korea), as well as a broader education coverage: ASEAN plus NEA-3 (ASEAN plus tri-APT).

To date, the greatest degree of integration has been achieved within the framework of ASEAN, including derivative formats of cooperation with individual NEA countries: ASEAN plus China, ASEAN plus Japan, and ASEAN plus South Korea.

The basis for the development of integration processes in TA and their institutionalization at the moment is intraregional trade, as well as cooperation in the financial sphere.

FREE TRADE ZONES

The institutional framework for trade-based integration in TA is the Free Trade Area( FTA), the first of which was the ASEAN-China FTA. The idea of its creation was put forward by the then Premier of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, Zhu Rongji, in 1999 during the third ASEAN-China summit in Manila. By November 2001, the two sides had prepared a report entitled "Building closer Economic Cooperation between China and ASEAN in the Twenty-first Century".

The report recommended the establishment of an ASEAN-China FTA within the next ten years. Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia, as well as Myanmar, which joined ASEAN after the end of the Cold War-related confrontation in Southeast Asia, feared, and with good reason, increased competition in the FTA from Chinese goods. Therefore, it was proposed to create special conditions for these States to join the FTA. Possible areas of cooperation between ASEAN and China included forestry and agriculture, development of small and medium-sized businesses and industrial cooperation, finance, tourism, investment in human capital, protection of intellectual property and the environment. In addition, China's participation in sub-regional economic development projects (builder) was recognized as necessary.-

Vasily Ivanovich USOLTSEV, First Deputy Chairman of the State Duma Committee on the North and Far East (usoltsev@duma.gov.ru).

¹ TA includes the Pacific part of Russia, China, Japan, North and South Korea, Southeast Asia, Papua New Guinea, Australia and New Zealand.

² Calculated from the statistical database of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) (см.: http://unctadstat.unctad.org/ReportFolders/reportFolders.aspx?sCS_referer=&sCS_Ch osenLang=en).

Figure 1. Trade turnover between China and ASEAN, billion rubles. United States dollars.

Here and Figure 2 are calculated from the ASEAN Statistical Database (http://www.aseansec.org/18137.htm).

Singapore-Kunming Railway, Mekong Delta development project, etc.).

In November 2002, at the Sixth ASEAN-China Summit, Zhu Rongji and the leaders of the ASEAN member countries signed a Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement. It specified a specific timeframe for the establishment of the ASEAN-China FTA: by 2010, customs tariffs between China and Indonesia, Brunei, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand (i.e., the "old six" ASEAN member countries) were to be reduced or completely abolished. The deadline for the cancellation of tariffs for the "new four" - Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia and Myanmar-is 2015.

In November 2004, as part of the Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement between China and ASEAN, an additional agreement on trade in goods was signed, according to which all goods were divided into several groups and subgroups.

The first group of products was divided into subgroups 1 and 2.

Customs tariffs for subgroup 1 were reduced and then abolished according to the following scheme: for 40% of the goods specified in the annex to subgroup 1, customs tariffs were reduced to 0-5% by July 1, 2005; for the remaining 60% of goods, customs tariffs were also reduced by 0-5%, but by January 1, 2007 by January 1, 2010, customs tariffs for all goods of this subgroup were abolished.

Under subgroup 2, the countries participating in the agreement were granted the right to postpone the reduction of customs tariffs for 150 types of goods specified in the annex to subgroup 1 until January 1, 2012.

For the second group of goods, customs tariffs should be reduced to 20% by January 1, 2012 and to 0-5% by January 1, 2018.

For goods listed in the third group, tariffs are reduced to 50% by January 1, 2015 for the" old six "ASEAN member countries and by January 1, 2018 for the "new four" ³.

In January 2007, China and ASEAN also signed an Agreement on Trade in Services, which provided for free access of companies from both sides to more than 60 service industries.

The ASEAN-China FTA officially started functioning on January 1, 2010. From now on, more than ⁷ thousand commodity items are not subject to customs duties within its framework4.

The crisis of 1997-1998 stimulated both sides to search for forms of cooperation based on mutual interest.

In order to compete successfully economically (and politically) with Japan and the United States, China is interested in maintaining close relations with the ASEAN countries, facilitating access of its goods and investments to the Association's markets, and in turn providing its companies with easier access to the Chinese market.

The ASEAN countries are certainly interested in expanding the sales market for their products, increasing income from Chinese tourists, attracting investment from China, and easing their traditional dependence on Japan, the United States, and the EU.

Thanks to the creation of the FTA, opportunities for further increasing the volume of mutual trade, which grew steadily before the global crisis of 2008 - 2009, are expanding. (Figure 1).

In the investment sphere, China can benefit quite a lot from the creation of an FTA. First, Chinese companies will be able to expand more easily and quickly in the ASEAN market. Second, third-country investment in the Chinese economy is likely to increase, as it is more profitable and easier for third-country companies (especially Western ones) to enter the ASEAN market from China, where most of them have already entered the ASEAN market.

³ See: ASEAN-China Free Trade Agreement (http://www.mtib.gov.my/repository/woodspot/website_acfta_23july09.pdf).

⁴ См.: The Jakarta Post 01.02.2010 (http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/01/02/asean6-zero-tariffs-take-effect-imm ediately.html).

Table 1. Leading ASEAN Trading Partners in 2009

Рассчитано по материалам интернет-сайта China Business Today (http://www.china-business-today.ru/novosti-kitaya/zona-svobodnoj-torgovli-kita j-asean-pridala-novyj-impuls-kitajsko-filippinskomu-sotrudnichestvu-sovetnik-posolst va-knr-na-filippinax-u-chzhenpin.html).

they have production bases. In terms of the quality of macroeconomic indicators, business conditions, and political stability, China is more attractive than many ASEAN countries - this can also help redirect some of the investment from ASEAN to China.

China ranks first in the ASEAN trade grouping, ahead of the EU, the United States, and Japan (Table 1). Compared to the crisis of 2009, the total volume of trade between China and ASEAN jumped by 40% in 2010 and exceeded $ 263 billion. At the same time, China's exports to ASEAN totaled more than $ 124 billion (+33%), while its imports totaled $ 138 billion (+47%)^.5

Potential ASEAN FTA plus NEA-3. Active cooperation in the creation of this FTA began after the 1997-1998 Asian financial crisis, during which it became clear that, firstly, neither APEC nor ASEAN had mechanisms to prevent the crisis or at least mitigate its consequences, and secondly, neither the IMF nor the United States provided operational assistance to countries East Asia.

At the same time, China did not devalue the yuan (as it did back in 1994), which could have further worsened the financial situation of the countries in crisis, and Japan quickly offered them financial assistance. This meant the transition to regional aid mechanisms proper, as well as the well-known intensification of competition for influence in TA between Japan and China.

China's proposal to create an ASEAN-China FTA can be considered as the first stage in the creation of an APT FTA. This took Japan by surprise, and it proposed an integrated economic partnership framework agreement to ASEAN. As a result, broader forms and areas of cooperation have been discussed at APT summits.

Thus, at the 11th APT Summit in November 2007, the creation of a fund for the development of a Working Plan for cooperation on the creation of an APT FTA was approved. In July 2010, at the seventh APT Ministerial Meeting on energy, Japan, China and South Korea were invited to develop a forecast of resource consumption in ASEAN and provide concrete proposals from the three countries in the areas of energy security, oil reserves creation, development of the oil and natural gas market, new and renewable energy sources, and efficient use of energy resources. resources.

Trade relations between ASEAN, on the one hand, and Japan, China and South Korea, on the other, are actively developing, which is a solid basis for moving towards the creation of an FTA. Only in 2009, there was a temporary disruption in the growth of trade turnover caused by the global economic crisis (Figure 2).

At the 13th APT Summit in October 2010, an agreement was reached to establish a Macroeconomic Research Office with a location in Singapore. Its tasks are to monitor and analyze regional economies in order to identify economic risks and the need for government intervention in the economy to counteract such risks.

In addition, the idea of creating an APT Stock Market Forum was approved, which will include:

Figure 2. Trade turnover between ASEAN and NEA-3, billion rubles. United States dollars.

⁵ См. материалы интернет-сайта China Business Today (http://www.china-business-today.ru/novosti-kitaya/zona-s vobodnoj-torgo vli-kitaj-asean-pridala-novyj-impuls-kitajsko-filippinskomu-sotrudnichestvu-sovetnik -posolstva-knr-na-filippinax-u-chzhenpin.html).

standardize and harmonize legislation governing cross-border transactions in shares and other securities.

Also, following the results of the 13th APT summit, it is planned to create an institute whose activities will focus on providing loan guarantees and simplifying investment in the region. Such an institution is created as a trust fund and as one of the divisions of the Asian Development Bank with an authorized capital of $ 700 million. ⁶

At the 10th APT Ministerial Meeting on Agriculture and Forest Resources in October 2010, the APT Cooperation Strategy in the field of food, Agriculture and Forestry was announced, which involves cooperation in the areas of food security, biomass energy use, conservation and management of forest resources, climate change, and improving agricultural productivity. An agreement on the establishment of a reserve rice fund was also signed.

Cooperation is carried out in the field of environmental protection. The APT work plan for cooperation in the field of information (information sector, digital data transmission, creation of joint digital content) is being prepared.

Cooperation is developing in the field of countering natural disasters and climate change-cooperation that involves the exchange of information, expertise and technologies in relevant areas, etc. This is particularly relevant in light of the March 2011 earthquake in Japan, which led to the disaster at the Fukushima nuclear power plant.

Potential China-Japan-South Korea FTA. The formalization of cooperation between the three countries began in 1999, when the Japanese, Chinese and South Korean leaders decided to hold regular separate meetings during the APT summits. In 2003, an agreement was reached in principle to establish a free trade zone. Based on it, China, South Korea and Japan began to conduct joint scientific research.

Their goal is to clarify, first, the very possibility of creating an FTA, and secondly, the consequences of its creation.

In December 2008, cooperation between Japan, China and South Korea was formally separated from the APT scheme and took on an independent meaning.

In 2009, under the influence of the global financial crisis, the leaders of the three countries agreed that it was necessary to speed up the process of integration into the NEA and develop joint mechanisms for responding to global threats - primarily general economic and financial ones. The creation of an FTA in NEA-3 will accelerate economic growth in the sub-region and increase the intensity of intraregional trade, and may also serve as a basis for the formation of a broader integration entity - the East Asian Community.

FINANCIAL SECTOR

In addition to intraregional trade, TA is developing cooperation in the financial sector.

One of the foundations of such cooperation is the steady growth of gold and foreign exchange reserves (Figure 3).

The greatest success in financial cooperation, as in the case of trade, was achieved by the member countries of ASEAN and NEA-3. The East Asian crisis of 1997 - 1998 also served as an impetus for strengthening financial cooperation, after which ASEAN, Japan, China and South Korea realized the need for closer cooperation in the financial sphere.

Well-managed regional capital markets are a prerequisite for efficient reallocation of financial resources for economic development. Regional financial cooperation mechanisms increase the economy's resilience to various types of crises.

Figure 3. Gold-foreign exchange reserves of ASEAN and NEA-3, billion rubles. United States dollars.

Рассчитано по: http://unctadstat.unctad.org/ReportFolders/reportFolders.aspx?sCS_referer=&sCS_Ch osenLang=en

⁶ См.: http://www.aseansec.org/16580.htm

The global economic crisis of 2008-2009 once again confirmed the need for cooperation between the TA countries in the financial sphere, and the presence of countries that are major sources of capital in the region gives this cooperation an additional incentive. (Japan, China, and South Korea).

In principle, cooperation in the financial sphere between the TA countries began in the mid-90s of the last century. Agreements were concluded between the central banks of 11 countries, according to which, in the event of a lack of liquidity, one country could exchange its existing US Treasury securities for US dollars at the central bank of another country participating in this agreement. In total, in the mid-1990s, seven such agreements were concluded in bilateral and multilateral formats^.:

- Indonesia-Malaysia-Thailand-Hong Kong-Australia (1995);

- Singapore-Indonesia (1995);

- Hong Kong-Philippines (1996);

- China-Hong Kong (1996);

- Japan-Australia-Hong Kong-Indonesia-Malaysia-Philippines-Singapore-Taila nd (1996);

- South Korea-Australia-Japan-Hong Kong-Singapore (1997);

- Hong Kong-New Zealand (1997).

Along with these agreements, five ASEAN member countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand) signed additional SWAP agreements in 1997 to stabilize the financial sector in the event of speculative attacks. Under these agreements, the central bank of a country in crisis could exchange the national currency for US dollars at the central bank of another country participating in the agreement, with the obligation to buy back its currency after a certain time.

However, in 1998, the volume of such SWAP agreements was estimated at only $ 200 million. ⁸ Later, the network of SWAP agreements was expanded as part of the Chiang Mai Initiative.

In 2003, an action plan for monetary and financial integration in the region was developed and specific actions were identified in this area:

- creation of legal and technological infrastructure for cross-border integration of the stock markets of the ASEAN member countries;

- full liberalization of financial services and capital flows in the region by 2015.

To date, most of the cooperation in the financial sector is carried out in three formats: on the basis of ASEAN, APT and NEA-3. The greatest progress has been made in the framework of the Chiang Mai Initiative, a network of SWAP agreements between ASEAN member countries-Japan, China and South Korea, and the Asian Bond Market Initiative, which aims to create and develop regional markets for local currency-denominated bonds.

Chiang Mai Initiative. For the first time, the idea of creating an Asian monetary fund of $ 100 billion to cover short-term liquidity shortfalls in the event of a crisis was expressed by Japan at a meeting of the Group of Seven and the International Monetary Fund in Hong Kong in 1997.

Japan was ready to contribute 50% of the declared volume. However, due to the opposition of the United States, the EU and the IMF, which feared the loss of their influence in the region, the Japanese proposal was not further developed. ⁹

In March 1998, Japan made a new offer, in the process of implementing which it allocated $ 30 billion to the countries in need to overcome the Asian financial crisis, and in 1999 concluded bilateral swap agreements with South Korea ($5 billion). Malaysia ($2.5 billion)¹⁰.

At the APT Finance Ministers ' meeting held in Chiang Mai, Thailand in 2000, the idea of creating an Asian Monetary Fund (AWF) was revived. At this meeting, the finance ministers of the ASEAN member states, Japan, China and South Korea agreed to establish a network of SWAP agreements ¹¹. This arrangement and

⁷ См.: The Journal of East Asian Affairs. 2003. N 1. P. 123 - 124.

⁸ См.: http://www.eastasiabc.org/userfiles/ASEAN%20Swap%20 Arrangement.pdf

⁹ See: Mikheev V. V. East Asian Community: the Chinese factor and conclusions for Russia. Moscow Carnegie Center, Moscow, 2004, No. 1, P. 8.

¹⁰ See: ibid., p. 9.

¹¹ See: Joint Statement of the ASEAN Finance Ministers-Japan, China and South Korea, Chiang Mai, Thailand, 6 May 2000. (http://www.aseansec.org/6312.htm).

Table 2. Implementation of the Chiang Mai Initiative

Compiled by: http://www.aseansec.org/19832.htm

It was called the "Chiang Mai Initiative". In fact, this was an extension of the network of previously concluded SWAP agreements within the framework of ASEAN, which Japan, China and South Korea joined.

In 2001, the ASEAN-5 countries decided to enter into SWAP agreements with the new ASEAN members-Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia and Myanmar. Collective resources were increased to 2 billion rubles. United States dollars.

ASEAN-5 and Brunei each contributed $ 150 million, Vietnam $ 60 million, Myanmar $ 20 million, Cambodia $ 15 million and Laos $ 5 million. ¹²

The total volume of bilateral SWAP agreements reached $ 90 billion in 2009, and the total volume of SWAP agreements within ASEAN reached $ 2 billion.¹³

Japan has the largest number of SWAP agreements with Asian countries: with China ($3 billion), South Korea ($13 billion), and with each of the ASEAN countries-5 (a total of $ 32.5 billion).¹⁴.

China has entered into SWAP agreements with: South Korea ($8 billion), Thailand ($2 billion), Malaysia ($1.5 billion) and the Philippines ($2 billion)¹⁵.

South Korea has signed similar agreements with Indonesia ($4 billion). Thailand ($2 billion), the Philippines ($4 billion) and Malaysia ($3 billion)¹⁶.

As a result of further development of the Chiang Mai Initiative, the APT member countries established a financial pool totaling $ 120 billion, where NEA-3 (Japan, China and South Korea) accounted for $ 96 billion, and the ASEAN member countries - $ 24 billion. USD ¹⁷

The main steps towards implementing the Chiang Mai Initiative are presented in Table 2.

Asian Bond Market Initiative. The program was adopted at the APT Finance Ministers ' meeting in 2003.Its creation was largely influenced by the liquidity problems faced by countries during the Asian financial crisis. In general, the creation and development of the regional bond market had three goals.

1. Reducing the region's dependence on bank-mediated financing.

2. Reducing the region's dependence on short-term foreign loans.

3. Encourage the use of funds accumulated in the region as the main source of financing.

In 2007, at the 10th meeting of APT Finance Ministers in Japan, the parties agreed to develop the following areas: issuance of debt obligations to finance infrastructure projects, securitization of loans and receivables, and issuance of Asian medium-term securities.

In May 2008, a new program for the development of the Initiative was prepared, which noted that-

¹² См.: http://www.boj.or.jp/en/announcements/release_2008/data/un0812d.pdf

¹³ См.: http://www.mof.go.jp/english/if/CMI_0904.pdf

¹⁴ See: ibid.

¹⁵ See: ibid.

¹⁶ See: ibid.

¹⁷ См.:http://www.mof.go.jp/english/if/!00324press_release.pdf

Table 3. Implementation of the Asian Bond Market Initiative

Compiled from the ASEAN website, press releases for 1989-2010. (http://www.aseansec.org/19832.htm).

the necessity of forming national bond markets denominated in the national currency.

In May 2009, at a regular meeting of the APT Finance Ministers, the so-called loan and investment guarantee mechanism was developed to facilitate companies ' entry into the bond market. The main goal is to provide loan guarantees for national and foreign companies that issue securities denominated in the national currency. The main stages of the implementation of the Asian Bond Market Initiative are presented in Table 3.

In 2003, at a meeting of representatives of the central banks of East Asian countries, it was stated that it was necessary to create an Asian Bond Fund to encourage the issuance of Asian securities. The authorized capital of the Fund, partially financed by the foreign exchange reserves of central banks, amounted to $ 1 billion. Later, in 2004, a second fund was created with an authorized capital of $ 2 billion.

The first Fund invests in US dollar - denominated securities issued by private and semi-public Asian companies in China (plus Hong Kong), Indonesia, South Korea, the Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand. The second one invests in securities denominated in the national currency.

In general, it can be argued that the two directions of regional integration development that accompany each other - trade and financial - have a positive impact on the development of the region. For example, the creation of an ASEAN-China FTA will serve as an incentive for even closer integration within ASEAN itself. An integrated (unified) ASEAN, in terms of political and economic weight, will have the opportunity for more balanced interaction with the United States and Japan, and with China. In addition, the ASEAN-China FTA will accelerate the formation of other planned FTZs: APT and Japan-China-South Korea.

Despite the fact that cooperation in the financial sector is still lagging behind regional trade, it plays an equally important role in ensuring the economic stability of the TA region. A more efficient distribution of financial flows and rapid access to liquidity will contribute, first, to the growth of trade, and secondly, to effective counteraction to internal and external economic crises.

PROSPECTS FOR CONNECTING RUSSIA

At the moment, the interaction of the Far Eastern Federal District of the Russian Federation with the TA countries is mainly carried out on the basis of trade. In 2009, the foreign trade turnover of the territories of the Far Eastern Federal District and Transbaikalia with the TA countries (plus the United States) amounted to about $ 15.5 billion.

¹⁸ See: materials of the official website of the Interregional Association for Economic Cooperation of the Subjects of the Russian Federation "Far East and Transbaikalia" (http://www.assoc.fareast.ru/fe.nsf/pages/fecon_ftrade_itogi_2009.htm).

Table 4. Geographical structure of foreign trade turnover in the Far East and Transbaikalia in 2009, %

Here and Tables 5, 6 are calculated by: http://www.assoc.fareast.ru/fe.nsf/pages/feconftradeitog i_2009.htm

Table 5. Share of subjects of the Far East and Transbaikalia in the foreign trade turnover of the Far Eastern Federal District in 2009, %

Table 6. Commodity structure of exports of subjects of the Far Eastern Federal District and Transbaikalia in 2009, %

See Table 7. Main import items of the subjects of the Far Eastern Federal District and Transbaikalia in 2009, %

Calculated by: http://www.assoc.fareast.ru/fe.nsf/pages/inf_jan_dec_2009.htm

The share of China, Japan, and South Korea exceeded 70% (Table 4).

The largest contribution to the total volume of foreign trade is made by the Sakhalin Region and Primorsky Krai (Table 5).

The main export directions ($9.9 billion) of the Far Eastern Federal District and Trans-Baikal regions in 2009:

- South Korea - $ 3.6 billion. Export items: crude oil and petroleum products (73%), frozen fish (18%);

- Japan - $ 3.5 billion. Export items: crude oil and petroleum products (68%).;

- China - $ 2.8 billion. Export items: crude oil and petroleum products (28%), frozen fish (26%), unprocessed timber (29%).

Thus, the main export positions remain oil and petroleum products, untreated wood, frozen fish, metals and products made from them (Table 6).

The total volume of imports in 2009 was $ 5.6 billion. Leading counterparties:

- China - $ 2.3 billion. Import items: light industry products;

- US $ 0.7 billion. Import items: food processing products, pumps and motors;

- Japan - $ 0.5 billion. Import items: cars and their parts;

- South Korea - $ 0.4 billion. Import items: oil and petroleum products, chemical industry products.

So, the main import items are food products, light industry products, machinery and equipment, metals and products made from them, and chemical industry products (Table 7).

The main features of foreign trade in the Far Eastern Federal District and Transbaikalia are as follows.

First, the region's foreign trade is focused on NEA-3.

Secondly, there is a constant strengthening of the raw material orientation of regional exports.

Third, the tightening of customs and tariff regulation of foreign trade in the Far Eastern Federal District and Transbaikalia did not change the qualitative composition of regional exports in general.

* * *

If current trends continue, the intensification of foreign trade in the Far Eastern Federal District and Transbaikalia, and even more so a change in its qualitative composition, is still unlikely. In its current form, trade relations between the Russian Far East and the TA countries cannot guarantee successful integration of the Pacific part of Russia into the region. However, there are advantages in other areas, using which Russia will be able to join the intensive economic development in the region.

In the field of logistics-with the integration of sea, air and rail transport, it is possible to organize the shortest transport route between East and West. This requires investment in infrastructure (ports, airports, railway stations, roads and railways), modern communication channels and transport (modernization of rolling stock, modern airliners, ships, etc.).

In the field of natural resources, there are huge mineral reserves, as well as water, forest and biological resources, on the basis of which it is possible, firstly, to create a hydrocarbon market and, secondly, a multilateral oil and gas reserve fund NEA-3 with the participation of Russia.

In the field of hydroelectric power - excess capacity of generating companies, which is not in demand in the domestic market of the Russian Far East. When investing in the creation of electric networks, it is possible to export electricity to China and / or Japan.

In the field of recreational resources - the presence of a long sea coast, rich nature and attractive tourist assets (volcanoes, geysers, etc.). The use of this advantage largely depends on investment in tourist infrastructure (airports, train stations, roads, hotels, etc.).

In the field of financing - for example, adding a Russian share to the Asian financial pool (joining the network of SWAP agreements) opens up opportunities for connecting Russia to regional financial integration. This can also be facilitated by the creation of a stock exchange in the Russian Far East with the possibility for foreign issuers to place securities on it.

In the field of innovative development, the Far Eastern Federal District has a relatively developed production base, and there are modern enterprises in the district, including the military-industrial complex. There is also a potential for training modern technical specialists in universities of the Far Eastern Federal District. Russian initiatives may include creating conditions for the free movement of specialists and scientists, employees of the innovation economy across the territory of the NEA, creating multilateral innovation platforms and business incubators in the Pacific Asia region. In addition, it is possible to integrate into the production networks of East Asian TNCs based on the innovation industry - this requires developing a specific policy of customs and tax regulation.

If the necessary conditions are created by the state, the Far Eastern Federal District can successfully realize the potential of cooperation with the CIS countries, which will help solve the problems of raising the level of socio-economic development of the Far Eastern Federal District.

Keywords: Pacific Asia, ASEAN, NEA-3, Russia, Far Eastern Federal District, free trade Zones, integration, Chiang Mai Initiative, SWAP agreements.

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