S. Talibova's article is devoted to the current problems of the development of the modern Persian language - the process of adding lexical borrowings to it under the influence of external factors, the role of the Academy of Persian Language and Literature in this process, as well as the adaptation of foreign-language lexemes in the language, on the one hand, and spelling innovations, i.e. innovations that affect the internal structure of the outside influence , on the other hand. If a significant number of works have been written and published on the first issue (L. S. Peisikov, Yu. A. Rubinchik, K. N. Eremina, M. S. Kameneva), covering various aspects of the process of borrowing foreign language elements by the Persian language, the activities of Academies aimed at fighting for the purity of the Persian language by creating their own lexical synonyms, etc., then on the second one Almost nothing has been done on this issue, i.e. in the field of analyzing and writing a linguistic commentary on the new rules of Persian spelling, which have been actively used in Iran over the past few years. It is thought that considering C. Talibov's discussion of this issue is all the more relevant in the current situation, when developing bilateral relations between Russia and Iran require the training of highly qualified Iranian specialists, including those who have a sound knowledge of the Persian language at the modern level.

M. S. KAMENEVA

After the revolution in the Islamic Republic of Iran, significant socio-political changes began to take place from the very first days, and the Persian language, of course, is also undergoing changes. In February 1990, the Academy of Persian Language and Literature ( Farhangestan-e zaban-o adab-e farsi)1. The Academy tries to keep under control any trends in the language, makes its own adjustments, and at the same time notes that " spelling rules should be regulated in such a way that their implementation facilitates writing and reading... "( Qaede bayad be gune-i tanzim savad-ke peyrouvi az an kar-e nevestan-o xandan-ra asantar sazad...) (Rules...,2002, p. 10]. Special attention is paid to the use of borrowed words. Words of Arabic origin, as well as Europeanisms, are replaced by native Persian ones, or completely new words are created based on their own language tools based on word-formation models. In the first years of the Academy's work, newspapers, in particular in (Ettelaat),under the heading "Persian language" ( zaban-e farsi)suggested words for use instead of borrowing. Naturally, some words quickly got used and get used to the language, actively

1 The first Academy , Farhangestan - e Iran (1935-1941), was established by decree of Reza Shah Pahlavi; the second Farhangestan-e zaban - e Iran was established in October 1970 by decree of Shah Mohammad-Reza Pahlavi and lasted until the victory of the 1979 Islamic Revolution.

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they are included in the speech, others are grafted more difficult. In particular, in the field of computer knowledge and technology, international terms are more often used. So, the word rayane ("computer"), proposed by the Academy instead of the term kompyuter, is not included in active speech. Even in TV shows, you can trace the parallel use of these two words. Unfortunately, we do not have a permanent connection with the Academy, and we do not have the opportunity to regularly receive information about its work and about the "simplifications in writing and reading" ( sohulat-e nevestan-o xandan). Changes in the lexical fund of the language and spelling rules in the Persian language ( zaban-e emruze) can now be traced by publications in print publications, in particular in fiction, articles in newspapers and magazines published in Iran, broadcasts on radio and television. My attention was drawn to innovations in language in fiction and the press back in 1994-1995. However, in this paper, examples confirming the author's conclusions are taken from modern Iranian fiction of recent years-publications of 2003-2005 and the press of 2005*. As a result of the analysis of these texts of Iranian publications, the author identified a number of trends and innovations in the modern Persian language. Let's focus on the most important of them.

1. In the vocabulary of the Persian language, it is noted that previously used words of Arabic origin and Europeanisms are replaced with newly created Persian words. For example:

"lampshade" -

"autobiography" -

"helicopter" -

"elevator " -

"test" -

autoresponder -

"E-mail" -

"paragraph" -

"intercom system" -

"fax" -

Here, special attention should be focused on the fact that words with a complex structure are mainly entered, i.e. complex words consisting of 2-3 components with one main accent, but separately formed components when writing; words that can be combined in graphics are written separately; so ("autobiography") consists of three separate components - ("helicopter") and ("answering machine") - out of two. The named words have a single accent and are a single whole. They are written "close", but not together; that is, words with a final letter that can be joined are written separately. The separate formality of a complex word in written speech has been introduced since 1985, and in " Spellings...", when considering the spelling of complex words in terms of structure, it is proposed to:

* Examples of literary texts taken from the collection of short stories "After that night" ( Bad az an sab) by the contemporary Iranian novelist Marjan Shirmohammadi (first prize named after Khushang Golshiri 2002). Short stories are quoted:" Salvi "( Salvi), "Georgian Girl" ( Zan-e gorci), "Piece of Cake" ( Yek bores az kik). The newspaper Ekonomika ( Eztesad) for September-December 2005 is cited as an example of a newspaper text.

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- "Complex words that consist of two components may have errors or difficulties in writing and reading; it is better to write these components separately (but close to each other). For example: ("eloquent"), hammanzel ("residents of the same apartment", "living in compaction"), yekkase ("friend")" [Propisi..., 1985, p. 18].

This explanation should be taken into account, and complex words should be written without a space between the components of a complex structure.

In "Spellings..." there is an inconsistency in the separate formality of complex words when writing them. So, if the above-mentioned article suggests writing each component of a complex word like hammanzel separately, then another article in the same publication on spelling complex words says the following::

- "components of complex words are usually written together" [Propisi..., 1985, p. 17] and examples are given: et al.

It seems that the spelling norms of writing are still in the process of being developed and universal / stable rules have not been finalized. Therefore, in modern publications there is both a combined and separate spelling of the same complex word. Perhaps the reason for this is that there are no clear rules for distinguishing between a complex word (formed according to the way it is composed) and phrases.

However, there are already some stable trends in spelling in fiction and they can be described as innovations in spelling ("modern Persian language").

2. According to our observations, the preposition be at this stage of language development is written onlyseparatelyregardless of the possibilities of graphic representation of the word to which it refers. Interestingly, even in the interfix function, beiswrittenseparately:

3. At this stage of language development, the postposition is written separately from the personal pronouns of the first person and second personwhich, respectively, has the formalthough it still sounds when read:

Separate spelling of the postposition takes place not only with personal pronouns of the first and second person, but also in all cases of its use: ("at home"), ("book"), ("room"), ("flower"), ("notebook"), ("bread"), ("Jalala"), ("student") that is, regardless of whether or not the last letter of the preceding word can attach a postposition to itself, it is necessary to write separately.

The use of a postposition in complex sentences after a subordinate clause has become more common. For example:

- "I saw Mohammad, who has lived in the same block with me since childhood, and was happy."

In fact in this sentence the place of the postposition according to the grammatical norms of the Persian language should be determined after the word Mohammad:

The same pattern can be seen in the following example:

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bedahad - "Mr. Murtaza promised to entrust him with the management of the department where children work"

A. A. Veretennikov (Veretennikov, 1994) wrote about this phenomenon in the Persian language as early as in 1994. This use of the postposition occurs both in political articles and in literary texts.

4. A very interesting observation can be made about the spelling of suffixes of comparative tar and superlative tarin with adjectives. These suffixes are almost always written together with adjectives. For example:

However, if the adjective ends with the consonant letter t, the suffixes are written separately, but without spaces:

In words that are complex in structure the suffixes of the comparative and superlative degrees are always written separately regardless of the last letter of the word: This spelling of comparative and superlative suffixes, depending on the ending in simple words and the structure in complex words, creates difficulties in both spelling and transcribing the word.

5. Only write the prefix separately at this stage. We can say that this spelling is almost established:

nemi-ravad... - " The dignity of a banknote will not be enhanced by cutting one or more zeros."

It should be noted that the negative particle na must be written together in the past tense of verbs and with the prefix mi. For example:

6. The third-person verb ast is written separately after words with a consonant letter, keeping the "aleph":

The same picture is preserved when writing words ending in vowels: (both in isolated position and in conjunction -

However, if the word ends in vowels or "vav" (in the function of the vowel sound and), then the letter" aleph " of the verb-copula ast is not written:

If the letter "vav" appears in the word as a diphthong "ow", then the letter "aleph" in the ast bundle is written

Demonstrative pronouns are written separately with the verb-copula ( ast): in-ast . This principle of separate formality applies to all cases of using demonstrative pronouns: cenin. However, in the literature there are graphic images of these examples both together and separately. It seems that the reason for this is the lack of development and lack of stable spelling standards. The fact is that if the named words, according to the developed spelling rules, are written separately, then such words as in" Spellings... "belong to the category of complex words and they are suggested to be written together [Spellings..., 1985, p. 5], and in the" Rules for Persian Writing " such spelling is noted as an exception (estesna) [Rules..., 2002, p. 21].

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In connection with the computer-generated set of printed materials, the third-person prefix and verb-copula ( ast) are often hyphenated, and no hyphen is used, as is customary in Russian.

7.There is a new spelling rule for relay phrases. It is known that the non-elementary relay indicator finds a mandatory sound design with the help of the vowel sound - e, adjacent to the word preceding in the phrase. For example: ("short story"), ("a man in love"), mohi t-e zendegi ("living environment"), za n-e ("a woman who doesn't know the way"). In the above examples, the first component of the relay phrase has a consonantal sound at the end, and therefore the sound design on the letter does not find its graphic representation; this rule remains unchanged today in the previously used form.

Changes are also not recorded in the position after the vowel sounds a, u, i. According to the spelling rules, an additional letter is placed on the letter, as before, an indicator of the relay grammatical connection letter ("next day"); ("European apartments"); xa ne ("in that house"). However, the isafet indicator after the letter havvaz (both in the isolated position and in the compound ) in the function of the vowel sound e was previously indicated mainly using the hamze sign with vowels, regardless of the origin of the word - Arabic or Persian: ("old building house"), ("friend's letter"), ("upper floor").

However, in recent years, the modern Persian language has clearly shown a graphic representation of the grammatical connection-izafet, after havvaz (both in an isolated position and in conjunction ) in the function of the vowel sound e at the end of the word with the letter - ua.

- "So I went along with my mother's cousin Ahmed agha" [Shirmohammadi, 2003 ("Salvi"), p. 1].

In this sentence ("together with mom's cousin") it is an isafet phrase consisting of three components. given that the first component of the phrase has a consonant letter at the end of the word, the isafet indicator is expressed only in the "sound" design and does not affect the letter in any way. between the second and third components, ua appears, which is an isafet indicator, although previously only hamze was put instead of i/ya with an announcement. The stable use of the isafet indicator after havvaz (in the function of the vowel sound e) at the end of a word with the letter i / ya both in fiction and on the pages of newspapers and magazines gives us reason to note this phenomenon as new, i.e. to consider it an innovation in the spelling of the modern Persian language. As an illustration, we will give examples from fiction:

- "to find a suitable apartment" [Shirmohammadi, 2003 ("Salvi"), p. 2];

bud.- "A curl of hair peeked out from under her dark veil" [Shirmohammadi, 2003 ("Salvi"), p. 4].

8. It is known that in the Persian language there is a firm word order that follows from the historically formed structure of the sentence: the subject, as a rule, is in the first place, and the predicate is always at the end. However, at present, the language has a different sentence structure. Namely, sentences do not end with a predicate, as is customary in the traditional grammar of the Persian language, but inversion is actively used, i.e. after the predicate mo-

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there can be secondary members of the sentence that usually precede the predicate. For example:

"I'm going to see my cousin today.";

In a sentence ("to a cousin"), the addition comes after the predicate, although its grammatical place is between the subject and the predicate. In the second example, a similar inversion also occurs.

kik) - "A pot of geraniums was placed in a metal stand for a flower pot, which was fixed on the balcony parapet "(Shirmohammadi, 2003 ("Piece of Cake"), p. 25).

9. It is necessary to pay attention to the appearance of abbreviations-conditional compound abbreviations in written speech, used mainly in political texts. At this stage in the development of the language, you can often hear in the comments of Iranian correspondents such abbreviations as (Islamic Republic of Iran), IRNA (News Agency of the Islamic Republic of Iran), ISNA (News Agency of Students of Iran), ("North Atlantic Treaty Organization"), BBC ("British Broadcasting Corporation"), ACEAN ("Association of Students of Iran"). South-East Asian States"), ("International Criminal Police Organization"), ("US Central Intelligence Agency"), etc.

Earlier in the press, the names of states, national institutions and international organizations were given in translation in Persian, without abbreviations. Then abbreviations in Latin gradually began to appear in parallel with the full name of the organization in Persian. Today, in articles on the pages of Iranian newspapers, you can see abbreviations in Latin graphics, without an equivalent in Persian, i.e. in the form that is customary to use them in international forums. For example:

... WTO dabir-e koll-e WTO... ("Message of the WTO Secretary General "[Economics, 28.09.2005, p. 10].

The following quote from the newspaper " Bours " dated September 28, 2005 clearly demonstrates the embedding of the abbreviation in Latin graphics in the Persian text without its equivalent in Persian:

Abbreviations of international organizations appear in Persian without comment: UNESCO (UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization); UPI ("UPI News Agency"), etc.

It is known that the very first abbreviations were used to indicate the date according to the Lunar Hijra and Solar Hijra

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* * *

Concluding the list of changes and innovations in the Persian language at this stage of development, I would like to note that the author did not set out to assess whether these innovations are legitimate or incorrect. He only wanted to draw the attention of interested readers to the changes taking place in the living Persian language, to the presence in its current development of a tendency to simplify many complex phenomena of spelling.

So, in the modern Persian language, innovations are noted in the following positions::

1. in the vocabulary of the Persian language, it is noted that previously used borrowings of Arabic and European origin are replaced by newly created Persian words;

2. components of complex words are written separately.

3. the preposition be in all positions (and even in the interfix function) is written separately with words that follow it;

4. the postposition is written separately with the words that go before it;

5. according to the new rules on the separate formality of components of words with a complex structure, it is necessary to write instead of instead of phonetics while maintaining the same:

6. the prefixes of comparative tar and superlative tarin are written separately.

7. the verb-copula ast in all positions retains "aleph" in the letter, with the exception of words with a vowel letter and u;

8. the prefix mi is written separately with the verb;

9. the prefix mi and the verb-copula ast can be transferred from line to line;

10. relay record after ha-ye havvaz (both in the isolated position and in the joint ) in the vowel function, e is indicated by the letter ua.

11. the influence of colloquial speech can be traced in sentence construction;

12. Abbreviations are actively used both in the form of "international standard" and in Persian.

list of literature

Veretennikov A. A. Ob odnoi grammaticheskoi innovatsii v sovremennom persiskom yazyke [On a grammatical innovation in the modern Persian language]. Rubinchik Yu. A. Grammatika sovremennogo persiskogo literaturnogo yazyka [Grammar of the modern Persian literary language]. Moscow: Vostochnaya literatura, RAS, 2001.

Тегеран: Изд-во Университета, 1364 (1985).

/Утверждено Академией персидского языка и литературы. Тегеран, 1381 (2002).

(Shirmohammadi M. After that night. Collection of short stories). Tehran, 1382 (2003).

(Economy). 2005 (September-December).

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