moscow

INSTITUTE OF ASIAN AND AFRICAN STUDIES, MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY

On October 7, 2011, the regular Dmitriev Readings, held annually by the Department of Turkic Philology, were held. The readings were dedicated to the 113th anniversary of the birth of N. K. Dmitriev (1898-1954).

Corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, full member of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the RSFSR, Professor N. K. Dmitriev was an outstanding linguist and philologist-Turkologist of the first half of the XX century, a teacher, organizer and creator of science, after the death of Academician A. N. Samoilovich in 1938-the head of the new Turkological school, a leading developer of linguistic foundations of teaching methods non-native language in the Research Institute of National Schools of the APN of the RSFSR.

N. K. Dmitriev's students (graduates of 1948-1958) - E. A. Grunin, G. F. Blagov, D. M. Nasilov, G. A. Gorbatkin (IMLI RAS) and his students ' students - corresponding member - took part in the meetings of the linguistic section and the section of Literary and Cultural studies, which were held in parallel. RAS A.V. Dybo, Yu. V. Shcheka, M. M. Repenkova, E. A. Oganova and others. Below is an overview of the reports and presentations made at the meetings of the linguistic and literary sections.

Linguistics section. In the report of G. F. Blagova (Moscow), devoted to the problem of a systematic survey of the Chagatai language of the XV-XVII centuries, two aspects were identified: general philological and linguistic proper. Babur-nameh occupies a special place in the general philological plan. According to A. N. Samoilovich, the text processed by the author makes up a significant part of the book, which is written in a single style. N. K. Dmitriev said that Babur was able to objectively describe events. In the actual linguistic aspect, it should be emphasized that the text of Babur-nameh attracts the attention of linguists for its exceptional uniqueness. For example, it presents direct and indirect speech in all its variety, and does not ignore such elements as service words. The text of the book outlines the separation of adverbs and names of spatial semantics, while this material allows us to trace the formation of analytical verb forms, as well as the processes of developing names into service units.

T. N. Borgoyakova (Moscow) considered some issues of grammar of the Khakass language, in particular the tense forms of the verb. She noted that at present there is no clear understanding of the functional and semantic features of the temporary forms of the Turks of Southern Siberia. A comparison of Siberian languages with Turkish reveals the peculiar structure of their tenses. T. N. Borgoyakova focused primarily on synthetic verb forms, examined in detail the past tense forms of the indicative mood in the Turkish and Khakass languages, and revealed the presence of absolute and relative past tense systems in these languages.

A.V. Esipova's report (Moscow) was devoted to the problem of word formation based on the material of Shor and other Turkic languages. She noted that the identification of weakly derived and strongly derived lexemes helps to solve the problem of distinguishing word-forming and form-forming affixes, as well as the identification of multi-valued word-forming morphemes in Turkic languages. In particular, according to this method, the affix of action names is should be attributed to word-forming affixes. Using concrete examples with the affixes ca, li, and lik, it was shown that the meaning of a derived word can include a set of meanings of its constituent parts.

K. N. Bichelday (Moscow) analyzed the lexical and semantic status of the pronoun ha in the Khakass language. Functioning of interrogative pronouns, particles, adverbs-

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There is still a lack of knowledge and systematization of the most common words in the Khakass language. In morphology, these language elements are usually simply listed, although the named pronouns can replace both nouns and adjectives. This problem is also important when studying the intonation of the Khakass language, as it requires attracting information from vocabulary, morphology, and syntax. The forms of the interrogative word ha and hay, as well as various case forms formed from it, were studied in two dialects of the Khakass language - Sagai and Kachin. Interestingly, pronouns like ha reveal a complete declension paradigm with very similar meanings in the Turkic languages.

A. A. Glashev (Moscow) emphasized that many works of Turkologists are insufficiently used. This is especially true for some etymological dictionaries, which contain extremely important information for Turkologists. This was written by E. R. Tenishev, who devoted one of his articles to the "Historical and Etymological Dictionary of the Ossetian language", published by V. I. Abayev. The dictionary includes borrowings from many languages, mainly Turkic. It should be taken into account that there are significantly more Turkic etymologies in this dictionary than there are Ossetian-Iranian etymologies in the etymological dictionary of Turkic languages. From the dictionary of the Ossetian language, you can add a lot to the dictionaries of the Turkic languages.

In the report "The place of the Turkmen language in the classification of Turkic languages", E. A. Grunin (Moscow) considered two types of features: the actual classification and such features that are significant for the relative chronology of the formation of the Oghuz dialect. subgroups of Turkic languages.

Y. V. Shcheki's report (Moscow) was devoted to the problem of applying phonology to the Turkic languages, in particular to the Turkish language. Due to the vowel harmony, Turkish [a] and [e] are in relation to an additional distribution, i.e. they are variants of the same phoneme. N. S. Trubetskoy calls this a "private system". He also speaks of synharmonicity as the unity of the vowel series and the softness/hardness of the consonants of a syllable. But he doesn't notice that the case of "var" 'there is' and "ver" 'give' also has an additional distribution (hard and soft consonants). It turns out that these vowels are one phoneme not in the private system, but in the system of the Turkish language. Therefore, in the Turkic languages, speech sounds are described only if phonology is completely ignored.

K. A. Belova Section of Literary Studies and Cultural Studies. (Moscow) reported on the development of Russian-Turkish cooperation in the humanitarian sphere, and above all in preserving the Byzantine heritage, which is widely represented in Turkey: Russian specialists participate in expeditions, in training Turkish personnel in the field of restoration of artistic and religious monuments of Byzantium, in perpetuating the memory of the great Russian writer and thinker-historiosophist, Russian consul in Turkey (1863-1872) by K. Leontiev. In particular, negotiations are underway to establish a memorial plaque in Istanbul.

G. A. Gorbatkina (Moscow) in the report "On Pan-Turkism in Turkey and its influence on the literary process" spoke about the first international congress "Turan". The idea of creating a Turan state based on a synthesis of the ideas of pan-Turkism and pan-Islamism is still preserved in modern Turkey. The ideologists of this concept include in the orbit of this synthesis not only Central Asia, but also Central Asia, the Caucasus, Siberia, etc.

L. V. Sofronova (Moscow) made a presentation on "Turkish mass literature at the present stage". She emphasized that mass literature, while performing the same functions as before - cognitive-educational, social-adaptive and" consolatory " psychotherapy-occupies a completely different place in modern society due to its distribution through the mass media and greater genre diversity, aimed not only at poorly educated segments of the population. Turkish mass literature has been most widely distributed since 1995 and especially in the last decade. The specificity of mass Turkish literature is manifested in genre preferences and themes, while in terms of form, compositional construction, and a set of plot moves, it has an international character with a persistent tendency to standardize, formalize, and annihilate the author's beginning, representing a product of the globalization of culture. Given the thematic diversity of modern Turkish mass literature, we can distinguish two leading themes: historical in two forms (documentary-historical and pseudo-historical, adventure) and Sufi. Among the genres dominated by family and love-
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bovny novel, biographies, detective stories. The so-called glamorous prose and fantasy genre did not gain much traction. Women's prose, which is a leader in sales in many countries of the world, also occupies a leading position in Turkish literature. In some cases, there is a convergence of mass literature with innovative literature, especially in the field of narrative techniques.

O. V. Kareva's report (Moscow) on "Ihsan Oktay Anar's novel" The Silent Ones" (2007) " continued the theme of the modern literary process. The representative of the" second wave " of Turkish postmodernism, Ihsan Oktay Anar (born in 1960), as a novelist, made himself known in the mid-1990s. His novels immediately aroused a wide readership with their fascinating and dynamic plots, subtle humor and caustic irony. Being a postmodern narrativist, the writer stands on the position that everything (even music) can be expressed verbally, through a story/narrative. The narrative character of the novel "The Silent Ones" is manifested in the fact that the work contains a huge number of stories of different characters, which are character masks. The novel implements the postmodernist views of the writer, presenting the world as a text / narrative, a plural Truth that always turns into its opposite, and the characters as deceptions/simulacra. Anar is the only postmodern Turkish writer who makes such intensive use of biblical and Quranic subjects for their travesty recoding, because according to post-philosophical ideas, any monotheistic teaching leads to a dead end and shows that belief in the one truth is rational and evil.
The report of S. N. Vorobyova (Moscow) "On the place of Turkish Ashik creativity in Turkish literature" was devoted to the problem of defining Turkish Ashik creativity as a special art form. The points of view of Turkish scientists on this problem were presented. Part of the researchers (X. Dizdaroglu, U. Gunay) refer the art of Ashyk to folklore, referring to the genetic connection of the Ashyk tradition with folk art. Others-P. Boratav, F. Kepryulyu-pointing out the collectivity and anonymity of folklore, emphasizing the individual author's nature of Ashik creativity, insist on its separation from folklore. S. N. Vorobyova opposes the identification of folklore works and samples of Ashik creativity. Ashik's method of creating songs, his perception of the songs of his predecessors, and the public's attitude to Ashik art prove the presence of conscious authorship in Ashik art, which is not typical for folklore. As in any medieval traditionalist art, Ashik creativity combines tradition and individual authorship in a specific way. In this regard, the refusal to separate Ashik art from folk art seems to S. N. Vorobyova to be a distortion of the true nature and originality of the Ashik tradition, leveling the originality of the creativity of such diverse representatives of Ashik art.
The section was completed with the report of E. A. Oganova (Moscow) " Poetics of the Absurd in Behich's play aka The City of One Man (2002)". The play serves as a confirmation of the playwright's idea that virtual reality is loneliness. A person living in virtual reality seems to be "erased" from physical reality. The seasons are feverishly replacing each other; the automation that has replaced a person and saved him from having to do anything at all barely manages to maintain the "necessary" climate background. People are no longer able to stand being alone. All the characters in the play are frankly abnormal precisely because they do not live, but only pretend to live, trying to occupy themselves with unnecessary things. The degree of insanity, which seems to be obscured by the characters ' "real" memories of their childhood together, is maximized at the end of the play, when objects that are no longer subject to any laws of the real world begin to move, change places, slip out of the characters ' hands, etc. The contours of physical reality are distorted by virtual reality.

Based on the results of the 2011 Dmitriev Readings, reports will be published in the collection "Questions of Turkic Philology", traditionally published at the Department of Turkic Philology of ISAA.

E. A. OGANOVA, Yu. V. SHCHEKA

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ULAANBAATAR

On August 15-16, 2011, an international symposium dedicated to the 130th anniversary of the birth of the outstanding European Mongolist, Catholic priest Antoine Mostaert was held, organized by the scientific center "Antoine Mostaert and Mongolistics". The symposium was opened by J. Lee Renfang (Hong Kong). The forum was led by P. Taweirne (Hong Kong) and acad. Domiin Tomortogo (Mongolia).

In the report "Antoine Mostaert, Catholic priest of the Congregatio Immaculati Cordis Mariae "("The Noble Heart of St. Mary"), P. Taveirne spoke about the life and scientific activities of the scientist.

A. Mostaert was born in Bruges (Belgium) in 1871 and entered a religious school, where he studied Chinese and Mongolian. In 1905, he was assigned to work in the Catholic Church in the area of "Bor Balgas" ("Gray Town"), where he served as a Catholic priest until 1925, skillfully combining scientific and preaching activities. He mastered the Mongolian language, studied its dialects, folklore, history and ethnology, and became an excellent specialist in Mongolian historiography and source studies.

Sonom (China) in the report " A. Mostaert and his works on Mongolistics " described the main works of the scientist, emphasizing their enduring importance. V. E. Radnaev (Russia) in the report "Main directions of A. Mostaert's scientific activity" noted that his scientific heritage is very large and rightfully occupies a worthy place in the world of Mongolian studies. Circle of scientific interests of A. Mostaerta -linguistics, historical source studies, dialectology, folklore studies, lexicography, lexicology. The study of the "Secret History of the Mongols" paved the way for scientists of later times, as evidenced by the works of F. V. Cleeves, I. de Rakevildts, S. Ozawa, scientists from Mongolia, Russia and Inner Mongolia (PRC).

D. Tserensodnom (Mongolia) made a short report "On the phraseological unit yekes-un yajaru ineru", taken from the text of the "Secret History of the Mongols", in which the author summarized the interpretations of scientists regarding the stable phrase yajaru ineru ("the area is close", or "location is not far"). The author noted that this phraseology was used for mass prayers of people and rituals performed by shamans.

Folklorist S. Dulam (MNR) in his report "The study of Mongolian fairy tales, mythology and A. Mostaert" spoke about the great contribution of Catholic scholar Paul Serruis (1949) and German Mongol scholar V. Haissig to the study of folklore of the Mongolian peoples.

O. Sambudorj (Mongolia) in his report "A. Mostaert's contribution to the study of Mongolian dialectology" considered the linguistic heritage of the scientist from the point of view of orthoepy, semasiology, word formation in oral speech. Tokisu Kurebito (Japan), a specialist in Mongolian, Chukchi and Kamchadal languages, in the report " A Mostaert and his "Grammar of the Mongol Dialect" defined this work as a comparative historical one. Grammar consists of an "Introduction", chapters devoted to nominal and verbal parts of speech, and particles. The speaker believes that it is impossible to study Mongolian languages seriously without this manual.

M. Bayarsaikhan (Mongolia) described A. Mostaert as a major source scientist. The research of the chronicle of the Ordos historian Sagansetsen "Erdeniyn tovch" ("The Precious Vault"), published in 1956 by the Harvard University Press, was recognized as a serious contribution to Mongolian historical source studies and historiography. It contains a comparative analysis of all the lists of the source, uses its translations into Manchu, Chinese, Japanese and German, and, most importantly, draws on materials related to the biography of Sagansetsen, as well as valuable information on the geography, population and history of Ordos.

G. Tsetsegdar (Mongolia) in the report " A Mostaert and Dictionary Ordos " made a comparative analysis of the vocabulary, linking it with the semasiology of the text of this multilingual dictionary by O. M. Kovalevsky and A. Mostaert on the basis of the compiled table. She also noted the specific features of the dictionary "Ordosica" by A. Mostaert, in which he managed to use everything progressive in Mongolian lexicology and lexicography, organizing the dictionary resource on a thematic basis.

C. Battulga (Mongolia) described A. Mostaert as a major ethnologist-Mongol scholar who studied the customs and customs of the Mongols. His work in this field of science covers the spheres of life and everyday life of all multicultural Mongolian ethnic groups.

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G. Gantogtoh (Mongolia) in his report "Peculiarities of the phraseology of shamanic chants during the shaman's kamlania" classified the entire resource of the dictionary fund of shamanic poetry into seven categories: 1) duudlaga (the shaman's invocation addressed to the Tengri, ongon, owners of the surrounding places); 2) magtaal "benevolence", or" call of the ongons", consisting of: urilga ("invitation"), turleg ("onslaught, pressure"), ayltgal (high-sounding appeal to the higher ones); 3) it includes several components, the main of which is ochig (invocation-explanation addressed to the higher ones), as well as tsalig amiduulal (revival of local spirits and departed souls); 4) rites of sacrifice in the form of treats, gifts, as well as requests aimed at improving their health, well-being and other vital indicators; 5) the shaman's entry into a shamanic state of consciousness, in other words, into a trance; 6) all kinds of prayers, invocations, requests; 7) various forms of satisfaction, gratitude and petitions through shamanic rituals. The report was accompanied by audio and video materials of authentic shamanic rituals.

K. Teleki (Hungary) in her report "Confessions in Mongolian Buddhism" examined the issues of Buddhist morality about sin in Tibetan and Mongolian Buddhism based on canonical treatises revered in monasteries in Mongolia. Baigal (Japan) made a report on the Ordos Erhuds (Christians). It dealt with the Wushin missionaries who had two clans. S. Choima (Mongolia) in his report "Terminology of traditional Mongolian Buddhism" analyzed the generally accepted Buddhist terminology based on a comparative study of canonical texts. P. Palousseur (France) made a report "Christian (Catholic) literature in Mongolian translation: general overview and main directions", B. Aryazhav (Mongolia) in his report "On some Arabic Islamic terms that have fallen into the Middle Mongolian language" analyzed individual words from the multilingual dictionary "Muqaddimat al-Adab". He noted that the words he studied were typical of the Jagataid language. Having considered the specifics of word formation, lexical composition, lexicology and semasiology of the Mongol language of this period, the author showed the regularity of assimilation of foreign Mongols who adopted the customs of Islam, whose language was completely transformed.

Zh. Luvsandorzh (Czech Republic) made a report "From the experience of deciphering individual geonyms, hydronyms and toponyms taken from the" Secret History of the Mongols "(notes on the search for the birthplace of Genghis Khan)". D. Tomortogo (Mongolia) in the report "Francis Cleeves and Mongolian linguistic source studies" spoke about the life and work of an American scientist who received an education at the Sorbonne under P. Pelliot and in Beijing. After being discharged from the US Army, he worked at Harvard University from 1946 to 1980. Cleeves became proficient in Mongolian, Manchu, and Chinese. He studied Sino-Mongolian inscriptions that survived to the XX century, letters of Ilkhans, previously unknown monuments from Turfan, etc. His translation of The Secret History of the Mongols is considered unsurpassed. F. W. Cleeves (1911 - 1995) lived a rich life and left a rich scientific legacy.

In conclusion, it should be noted that A. Mostaert's scientific achievements in the field of Mongolistics are not forgotten, and his legacy is carefully studied, his works are published, books and articles are written about him and his work.

V. E. RADNAEV

* * *

On December 9-11, 2011, the international conference "Mongolian Sovereignty and Mongols" was held, organized by the Institute of History of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences (Director - Sampildondovyn Chuluun). Leading scientists from Mongolia and other countries - the United States, Great Britain, Germany, Hungary, China, Taiwan, and Japan-took part in the conference. Russia was represented by S. L. Kuzmin, a researcher from Moscow, V. G. Datsyshen, Head of the Department of General History of the Siberian Federal University, and K. A. Bicheldey, Director of the Tuva Institute for Humanitarian Studies. E. I. Lish, a representative of the Irkutsk Region in Mongolia, also took part in the conference in absentia.-

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published. On the Mongolian side, scientists from the Institute of History and the Institute of International Studies of the Academy of Sciences, the National University of Mongolia, the Mongolian State University of Education, Kobdo University and others participated in the conference. Mongolian researcher Lhamsuren Menkh-Erdene represented the Austrian Academy of Sciences, and Uradyn Bulag represented the British Cambridge.

The opening ceremony was attended by the President and Vice-Presidents of the IAS, representatives of the Government of Mongolia, who made welcoming remarks to the conference. Director of the Institute of History S. Chuluun opened the conference and led the plenary session. The First Deputy Chairman of the Government of Mongolia, President of the Academy of Sciences of Mongolia K. A. Bicheldey presented two volumes of Mongolian-language documents published in Tuva to the representatives of the Government and the leadership of the Academy of Sciences. It should be noted that recently Kyzyl has become one of the leading centers of Russian Mongolian studies. On November 26, 2010, the Tuvan Center for Mongolian Studies of the Tuvan Institute for Humanitarian Studies under the Government of the Republic of Tuva was opened. The latest edition of documents in the Mongolian language from Tuvan archival collections is an important event for world Mongolian studies. The opening ceremony of the exhibition dedicated to the 100th anniversary of Mongolia's independence was also timed to coincide with the start of the conference.

The conference participants worked for two days in two sections: "Mongolian Independence" and "Mongolian sovereignty and Mongols".

The first section was attended by representatives of research centers in Japan, the USA, Austria, as well as scientists from the UK and other countries. The first was Nakami Tatsuo's report, " Seeking to Build Your Own Nation-State: The Mongolian Declaration of Independence of 1911." The report of the American researcher K. Atwood referred to "one of the main conflicts in the history of Mongolia for the last 100 years"- between "Lamaism and Leninism". And the conclusions of the speaker that in the modern history of Mongolia there was a confrontation between church and religious institutions and the secular state seem quite convincing. Sergey Kuzmin, a well-known Russian expert on Mongolia and Tibet, spoke about the role of the 13th Dalai Lama in the Mongolian independence movement. The speaker rightly drew attention to the proximity of cultures and political rights of the Mongolian and Tibetan peoples, which ensured their interaction in the XX century, and concluded that the declaration of Mongolia and Tibet as independent states at the beginning of the XX century was legitimate. Researcher from Budapest, K. Teleki, in her vivid report on Mongolian explorers, presented old Ulaanbaatar through the eyes of foreign travelers who described and captured photographs of Usu at the beginning of the XX century. Another Hungarian historian, S. Zsolt, dedicated his report to the Hungarians who lived in Mongolia at the beginning of the 20th century. and left evidence of that era.

A special place in the reports was occupied by the topic of Mongolia's independence since 1911 and the role of Bogdo-gegen VIII in this. U. Bulag, analyzing the Mongolian declaration of independence of 1911, drew attention to an important issue that is usually overlooked by researchers: when declaring independence, the Mongols did not oppose the power of the Manchu dynasty as such, but against its independence. Z. Longjid analyzed the "Ultimatum of Amban San-do" of the last Qing governor of Urga. O. Batsaikhan showed that Bogdo-gegen VIII was the main figure of the successful national liberation movement of the Mongols in 1911. (called the "national revolution" in Mongolia). The reports of G. Myagmarsambuu, G. Nyam-Ochir and N. Amgalan were devoted to the enthronement of Bogdo-gegen VIII as the Great Khan (Bogdo Khan) of Mongolia. In the report of Zh. Boldbaatar considered issues of politics and the internal situation of the country at that time, in the report of J. Batura was given an analysis of the Korean letter to Bogdo Khan.

D. Snit's report (Great Britain) focused on sovereignty and administrative reform in Mongolia during the period of autonomy. Ts Batbayar reported on the links between the Xinhai Revolution and the declaration of independence of Mongolia. Lan Meihua (Taiwan), in her report "The Prince of Nayangtu and the Mongolian Independence Movement of 1911", showed how this Mongolian supporter of China and Chinese politicians viewed the Mongolian independence movement and what they proposed to prevent the secession of Mongolia. D. Avirmed's report "The Courtiers of Bogdo Khan: Events and Facts" examined the activities of Mongolian intelligence during the Xinhai Revolution. In chastnos-

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For example, the speaker argued that "Mongolian intelligence, using disinformation, was able to force Russia to sit down at the negotiating table with the Mongolian government in 1912." J. Urangua made a report on the influence of the Russian-Chinese declaration of 1913 on Mongolia's independence, J. Gerelbadrakh - on the upper and lower chambers of the Mongolian parliament during the period of autonomy.

The conference discussed the problems of historiography and source studies, the struggle for the independence of the Mongols during the Xinhai Revolution. For example, the Mongolian historian B. Punsaldulam divided the historiography of the "Mongolian national revolution" into three stages, raised the problem of the existence of several names of the Mongolian state proper in historiography, and noted that most historians refuse to call the events of 1911 in Mongolia a revolution. Li Baowen, an archivist from Beijing, made an analytical review of archival documents on the history of the Mongolian independence movement. In his report "On the official request of one of the Seimas of Inner Mongolia", L. Altanzaa considered the appeal to Bogdo-gegen and concluded that this document was compiled by an Ordos official who lived in Urga.

K. A. Bicheldey's report on the problems of Tuvans ' participation in the anti-Manchurian struggle in Western Mongolia at the beginning of the XX century aroused great interest of the audience. In particular, there are still disagreements among historians about the number of Tuvan militias that participated in the assault on Kobdo in 1912. Mongolian researchers also received answers to questions related to the future fate of participants in the anti-Manchurian struggle.

In the second section, a discussion developed around the reports of Russian and Mongolian researchers V. G. Datsyshen, D. Shurkhu and others, which touched upon the problems of Russian-Mongolian relations regarding Tuva and the Mongolian-Tuvan border. A number of conference participants voiced "historical grievances" and assessed the current border line as violating Mongolia's national interests.

About 35 reports were heard and discussed at the plenary and breakout sessions. Many reports were published in the collection "Mongol tusgaar togtnol ba Mongolchuud" ("Mongolian sovereignty and the Mongols"), it also included reports of researchers who, for various reasons, did not speak at the conference: E. I. Lishtovanny (Russia) "Buddhist teaching about chakravartins as a philosophy of national liberation of monogolans"; Liu Xiaoyuan (USA) "Partition of Mongolia and Unification of China", etc.

The organizers of the conference timed to coincide with the ceremony of awarding the title of Honorary Doctor of the Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of Mongolia to two Mongolian historians. This honor was awarded to Nakami Tatsuo, a representative of the Institute for the Study of Asian and African Languages and Cultures at the Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, and Christopher Atwood, a doctor at the Center for Eurasian Studies at Indiana University.

The international conference showed the current state of historical science in Mongolia, which is being developed in the framework of both academic and other institutions, as well as in the universities of Ulaanbaatar and other cities.

V. G. DATSYSHEN, S. L. KUZMIN

beijing

From December 12 to 14, 2011, the 6th Congress of Confucius Institutes was held in the capital of the People's Republic of China, organized by the Office for the Dissemination of the Chinese Language under the State Council of the People's Republic of China (Hanban) and the Headquarters of these institutes. It was attended by over 2,000 delegates from 105 countries and regions, representing 354 institutes and 500 Confucius classes around the world, as well as their partner organizations in China. The opening ceremony was held at the National Grand Theater and was attended by Li Changchun, member of the Standing Committee of the Politburo of the CPC Central Committee, member of the Politburo of the CPC Central Committee, head of the Headquarters of the Confucius Institutes, State Councilor Li Yandong, and Minister of Education Yuan Guizhen. In addition, rectors and presidents of a number of leading universities made welcoming speeches. The most pressing issues were discussed at 18 forums, and then their details were continued in 16 sections. As a result, a large-scale development plan has been adopted until 2015, according to which, over the next three years,

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It is planned to increase the number of Confucius institutes to 500, classes - to 1 thousand, and the total number of Chinese language learners - to 15 million people. And given the pace of development that has already been achieved, we can be sure that the tasks set will be successfully solved.

At the congress, the best ("advanced") divisions were determined as part of summing up the results. Among the 25 best Confucius institutes was named the Institute of Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University (director on the Russian side-G. G. Zainullin), among the five best classes - the Confucius Class of Novosibirsk National Research State University (director on the Russian side - S. A. Komissarov). Among the CIS countries, institutes of the Belarusian State University and the Tajik State University were also awarded.

S. A. KOMISSAROV

LAHORE

The international conference "Pakistan" was held on October 24-25, 2011.: Challenges to democracy, Governance and National Unity", organized by the Department of History and the Center for the Study of Pakistan of the oldest Punjab University in the country (founded in 1882) with the assistance of the National Education Commission. At the first plenary session, which was attended by a large number of participants and guests, the main organizer of the conference, Dean of the Faculty of Humanities S. Kalb-i-Abid, delivered a welcoming speech. He stressed the importance for the future of Pakistan of discussing its current state, noted the need to confront threats to democracy, effective governance of society and national unity.

Mujahid Kamran, Vice-Chancellor (first person) of the University, expressed a specific view of the driving forces of history and politics. In his opinion, a physicist by profession, the world is ruled by a narrow group of financiers and politicians who control life in the world. Stressing that Pakistanis do not dislike the American people (an important statement in the context of strained relations between Pakistan and the United States), the Vice-Chancellor called for rejection of the hegemony of the financial and political leaders of the West in world politics and noted its negative impact on Pakistan.

A French expert on South Asia, J.-L. Racine, focused on the competing "ideas of Pakistan", the principles and ideals on which the policy of nation-state consolidation is based. Emphasizing the often irreconcilable nature of such competition, he concluded that the main reason for this is the lack (despite the 64 years that have passed since the country's creation) of a well-established mechanism for managing society, the lack of what is called "good governance" in today's specialized literature.

Turkish legal scholar I. Yilmaz argued that Islamic laws are not a challenge or obstacle to democracy and "good governance" in Pakistan. He noted the insignificant degree of" penetration " of the state into society, as well as frequent changes in the judicial and legal system. This is accompanied by pluralism and the existence of parallel judicial bodies. In addition, there are no universal norms for the application of Sharia law, and the limits of their jurisdiction are unclear. At the same time, the flexibility of Islamic legislation, if it is based on the principles of protecting human rights from political pressure, indicates its potential and can be considered not as an obstacle, but as a positive moment in terms of the functioning of democracy.

S. McDowell (USA) highlighted the role of the press in the political crisis that has engulfed Pakistan since 2007, and concluded that it is necessary to comply with certain ethical laws and regulations necessary for building and maintaining democratic institutions.

In his report "Socio-ecological and demographic problems of Pakistan", V. Ya.Belokrenitsky (Russia, Institute of Agricultural Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences) considered the severe consequences of the prolonged crisis in the field of irrigation and land reclamation for the country's economy, which aggravated poverty, unemployment, and illiteracy of the population, especially women. Mostly extensive economic development was accompanied by exceptionally rapid demographic growth

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(the population grew from 36 million to 180 million people in 1951-2011), which created conditions for aggravating the problems of democratic and effective governance of society.

French expert M. Beauvin noted the steady interest in Hindustan in his country, emphasizing that after the Taliban captured Kabul in 1996, there was a shift towards studying the problems of extremism in Afghanistan and Pakistan. And this was followed by a deeper interest in the roots and peculiarities of local culture, in particular in Sufism in Sindh, which is the subject of his special studies.

An interesting report by the famous Pakistani political scientist Rasul Bakhsh Rais (Lahore) attempted to reveal the reasons for the endless alternation of military-civil (hybrid) and pseudo-democratic regimes throughout the history of Pakistan. The root of the evil, in his opinion, is in the nature of the country's political elite, its rootedness in the prevailing " tribal, caste and feudal social structures." The elite controls parties that have a personalized, family-dynastic character. He sees a way out of this situation in strengthening democratic forces outside the party system, namely civil society institutions, mass media and broad popular movements. They must put pressure on the elected elite, forcing it to a truly democratic transformation.

At the second plenary session, another prominent Pakistani scholar, Sharif al-Mujahid, addressed the issue of unity and diversity of cultures, threats to federalism and centrifugal tendencies. He explained the failure of the leadership of the Indian National Congress to preserve the unity of India during the conquest of independence by its unwillingness to take into account the diversity of cultures and self-identity, in particular of the Muslim community. According to the speaker, the same mistake was made by the rulers of Pakistan, especially after 1958, who tried to integrate East Bengal and thereby provoked the division of Pakistan and the formation of Bangladesh. The current leadership of Pakistan faces the same challenges and challenges. They need to show respect for different cultures, traditions and interests, find a combination of unity and diversity, and provide a worthy place for religious minorities, individual ethnic, linguistic and racial groups.

V. I. Sotnikov (Russia, Institute of Internal Affairs of the Russian Academy of Sciences) in his report "US pressure on Pakistan as a challenge to democracy and national unity" highlighted the current state of Pakistani-American relations, characterized (especially after the raid of American commandos in the interior of Pakistan to eliminate Osama Bin Laden in May 2011).) the lowest level in the entire history of this relationship. He stressed that despite the fact that these relations are in a deep crisis, Pakistan needs American military, economic and financial assistance to support the continuation of the fight against Islamists inside the country. At the same time, the continuation of open pressure on Pakistan from the United States and often gross disregard for its sovereignty and legitimate rights, as well as the termination of economic support for the country, can cause an acute economic crisis in Pakistan and increase threats to its security. It is no coincidence, he noted, that in October 2011, the youngest foreign Minister in the country's history, 34-year-old H. R. Khar, said that "Pakistan can stop all ties with America in the face of increasing pressure on the country from Washington." The consequence of such a turn in bilateral relations would be an increase in tensions in South Asia and an increase in the level of terrorist activity. The speaker stressed that the United States, as the then Pakistani President M. Ayub Khan wrote back in the 1960s, should strive to be "friends, but not masters" for Pakistan.

Huma Bakai, Dean of the Faculty of Social Sciences at the Karachi Institute of Business Administration, raised the question of the transition to democracy in Pakistan in accordance with the theory of the American political scientist D. A. Rustow. It was noted that Rasou's works laid the conceptual foundations for the intellectual schemes of scientists who developed into "transitology" as a science of transition (transit) from authoritarianism to democracy. Based on the experience of Latin American and Eastern European countries, the transition was explained not in terms of socio-economic or structural political changes, but rather in terms of consensus and a special pact between elites against the background of changes in their composition. H. Bakai attempted to apply these models to the political evolution of Pakistan and suggest ways to transition to democracy in the country.

Iram Khalid (Punjabi University, Lahore) in his speech on the social and economic development of the country.-

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She noted that Pakistan is a unique example of multicultural, multilingual and diverse factional divisions of society. Socio-religious fragmentation in Pakistan is disrupting the country's development security. The real tragedy, according to the speaker, lies in the role of the Pakistani elite, those circles that have never tried to solve the political dilemma of state-building in Pakistan. The widening social divide, policies of violence, abduction and murder, weak rule of law, and half-hearted government decision-making reinforce the lines of division in Pakistani society.

Turkish scholars N. Tosun (Istanbul) and S. Cevik (Ankara) respectively focused on the importance of Sufi teaching (J. Rumi and his followers) for unity and social harmony among Muslims and a comparative analysis of the role of religion in the formation of the national state in Turkey and Pakistan.

The second day of the conference was divided into sections. More than 20 presentations were delivered by mainly Pakistani academics and teachers from Lahore, the capital city of Islamabad, Karachi, the largest city in terms of population, the main city of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province (formerly the North-Western border) of Peshawar and other cities. An informative report was made, in particular, by A. Z. Hilali (Peshawar), who described the Taliban as a product of Deoband and Wahhabi extremist schools. The Taliban are now genetically linked mainly to the south of Afghanistan, the Pakistani territory of Pashtun tribes and to some extent the southern part of Punjab. Talibanization, in his opinion, has caused political ferment and a humanitarian crisis throughout the west and northwest of Pakistan and poses a threat to the country's existence, as well as regional security and stability.

Several other speeches concerned the rise of religious extremism. Three presentations at the conference focused on the history and current situation in Balochistan province, where a continuous war of nationalist insurgents from Baloch tribes with the forces of the army and law and order has been going on in recent years.

In general, the conference showed that the middle-class faculty in Pakistan is very concerned about the increase in extremism, social unrest, and the growth of centrifugal trends in the country. Such phenomena as corruption, weak state leadership, increased crime, etc. are extremely disturbing to her. At the same time, in her speeches and private conversations, manifestations of Pakistani patriotism and self-confidence were noticeable. One is impressed by the openness of Pakistan to criticism and the critical view of Pakistanis on the state of affairs in the country. However, the intelligentsia seems to feel the limit of what is politically permissible and tries not to go beyond it.

V. YA. BELOKRENITSKY, V. I. SOTNIKOV

KUALA LUMPUR (MALAYSIA)

The Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences of the University of Malaya in Kuala Lumpur hosted the IV International Conference on Southeast Asia "Positioning Southeast Asia in the Globalized World" on December 6-7, 2011. The Organizing Committee was headed by Professor Mohammad Radwan bin Mohammed Arif and Associate Professor Hanafi Hussin.

More than 110 researchers from Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, Singapore, Vietnam, Taiwan, the United States, Australia, New Zealand, Russia and other countries participated in the conference.

At the plenary session on the opening day of the conference on December 6, Abdul Rashid Moten (Malaysia) presented a report on "The situation of Southeast Asia in a globalized world". It summarized data on the history of ASEAN and current views on globalization. Moten came to the conclusion that globalization leads to the transformation of the world into a "world village", and one of its characteristic features is cultural imperialism in the form of "McDonaldization" and Americanization. Global processes are characterized by the fact that they occur not only at the global, but also at the local level-

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not: globalization turns out to be glocalization (glocalization from globalization + localization).

The conference was organized in the following sections: "Political Development of Southeast Asia", "Government and Politics in Southeast Asia", "Economic Development of Southeast Asia", "ASEAN Economic Community", "ASEAN and Regional Integration", "Security of Southeast Asian States", "Law Enforcement agencies of ASEAN", "Social Development in Southeast Asia",Culture, Art, Literature and Languages of Southeast Asia", "History and Development" and "Maritime Southeast Asia". Thus, the conference was dominated by contemporary studies.

A. O. Zakharov's report (Russia) "Revisiting the history of the Shailendras" was delivered at the session of the section "History and Development" under the chairmanship of N. Weber (France-Malaysia). The report analyzed inscriptions from Central Java, the Malacca Peninsula, and India. The first representative of the Shailendra dynasty was Maharaja Panankarana. The Shailendra dynasty comes from Java, not India, as R. Jordan thinks. In the second half of the eighth century. The Shailendras established some form of control over Srivijaya, a kingdom in southeastern Sumatra centered on Palembang.

In the same section, R. Kuraming (Philippines) made a presentation on "The emergence of 'classics' in the study of Southeast Asia: a different view of Kahin, Agoncillo and their books on revolutions". He came to the conclusion that "if someone now writes in vernacular, it's double or even ternary disadvantage" (If someone now writes in vernacular, it's double or even ternary disadvantage), therefore, it is necessary to write in English.

A. Wehr (Australia), in his report "Pre-colonial and Colonial Background: Two Narratives Influencing Contemporary Myanmar politics", revealed the historical conditionality of the Burmese elite's political actions based on the traditions of Burmese kings, Buddhist notions of royalty, and various interactions with the West.

Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Southeast Asia: Positioning Southeast Asia in the Globalized World, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 6-7 December 2011 / Compiled by Mohammad Reduan Mohd Ariff et al.; Ed. Hanafi Hussin. Kuala Lumpur: University of Malaya, 2011.

The conference proved to be very fruitful for establishing contacts with Malaysian colleagues and confirmed the high level of political science and economic research in Southeast Asia.

A. O. ZAKHAROV

* * *

On December 8-9, 2011, the Faculty of Languages and Linguistics of the University of Malaya 1 hosted the third conference of young scientists and postgraduates2, which was also attended by professors from Singapore and the Netherlands as seminar leaders. In total, about 40 reports were heard on various linguistic topics, problems of translation and teaching of both Western and Eastern languages. Among them: "Reflecting the values of the One Malaysia concept in English language tests" (J. P. Morgan). Won Kok Ming-Un-t Putra), "Learning Semantic Methods in Teaching Chinese Vocabulary" (Siang Lei Chu Un-t Malaya), "Semantic and Syntactic Analysis of Translated Texts and Terms" (Hnael Hijo-Un-t Malaya), "Difficulties in Teaching a Translation Course" (Mohammed Al- Akad-Un-t Malaya), "Problems of vocabulary selection in translating Thai fiction into Anshdian" (Pairot Bennui-Un-t Malaya), "Analysis of the strategy for translating proper names from Chinese to Malay" (Uy Hoi Bui-Un-t Malaya), "Construction of predicates in the mah meri language "(Maysara Muhammad Rais-Un-t Malaya),

1 The Faculty of Languages and Linguistics of the University of Malaya was established in 1972 under the name "Language Center". Initially, only languages were taught here. Since 1996, the faculty has changed its name to the current one due to a change in the program - now it trains students in all three levels of education (bachelors, masters, doctors). Language specialization is provided in nine languages: Arabic, Chinese, Tamil, English, Japanese, German, French, Spanish and since 2000 Italian.

2 Conferences have been held annually since 2009.

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"The difference between passive forms in English and Persian" (Masood Amiri Nejad-University of Sciences Malaysia), "The importance of education and gender of the speaker in choosing words in a dialogue in Persian" (Ehsan Barzegar-University of Malaya), "Learning Spanish as a Foreign language" (Shahril Ismail - University of Malaya).Malaya), "Peculiarities of language adaptation of expatriates from Cambodia in Malaysia" (Mastura Abdul Ghani-Un-t Malaya), "The use of encouragement words in Chinese by female and male teachers" (Teo Huoi Shi-Un-t Malaya), etc.

Within the framework of the conference, two seminars "On the principles of scientific research" and "Discourse analysis of oral communication in the workplace"were held.

V. A. POGADAEV

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