MOSCOW NUSANTARA SOCIETY

At the regular Malay-Indonesian readings on March 19, 2009, the report of V. V. Sikorsky (Dip. acad. Russian Foreign Ministry) "On translations of Russian literature into Indonesian and its impact on Indonesian literature". Earlier, the speaker delivered this report in Indonesia at an international conference in Yogyakarta dedicated to the problem of mutual influence of East and West cultures (East-West Encounters). He noted that although translations of Russian writers (Leo Tolstoy, Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Ivan Turgenev, Anton Chekhov, Nikolai Gogol, and others) were widely published in Indonesia after independence, Indonesian writers were familiar with and experienced Russian literature from Dutch translations during the colonial period influence.

Pramudya Ananta Tur, a prominent Indonesian writer, was particularly active in translating the works of Russian writers into Indonesian (through Dutch and English). Now his younger brother Kusalah Subagio Tur (b.1933), who graduated from the philological department of the UDN im. Patrice Lumumba. His translations have already included such works as "Resurrection" and "Anna Karenina" by Leo Tolstoy, "Dead Souls" by Nikolai Gogol, several collections of short stories by Anton Chekhov and Leo Tolstoy, "Hero of Our Time" by Mikhail Lermontov is in print, and "War and Peace" is next in line. the world".

The seminar participants also had the opportunity to talk with a guest from Malaysia, Muhammad Abdullah, a fellow of the Academy of Islamic Studies of the University of Malaya. The meeting was held in a question-and-answer format on topics related to the current political and social situation in Malaysia. The seminar was also attended by N. Helmi, an employee of Malaysian television, Zainal Abidin, who intends to make a film in Moscow about the study and teaching of the Malay language in Russia.

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On April 23, a round table was held on the topic "Malaistics/Indonesian studies in St. Petersburg". Its speakers were A. K. Ogloblin (St. Petersburg State University) and I. R. Katkova, a researcher at the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences. They spoke about the activities of their institutions in the field of Indonesian language teaching and Indonesian studies. In particular, A. K. Ogloblin provided information on the training of personnel of Indonesians (the number of students, their specialization, internships in Indonesia, extracurricular activities, etc.). The speaker also donated to the library of the Nusantara Center his latest scientific work " Grammar of the Indonesian Literary language "(St. Petersburg State University Publishing House 2008, 440 c). I. R. Katkova spoke about her research work and participation in an international research project under a grant from the International Association of Islamic Manuscripts (TIMA), through which she spent two months in West Sumatra studying manuscripts on the Sufism of local preachers (wali). As a result of this trip, the book "Sufi Saints of Sumatra" ("Sufi Saints of Sumatra") was created in collaboration with an employee of the University of Indonesia Andalas Pramono, which I. R. Katkova presented to the audience.

A presentation of recent publications on Malay/Indonesian studies by other Moscow and St. Petersburg authors was timed to coincide with this meeting of the Nusantara Society. According to the participants of the "round table", some of these publications are solid-

scientific works that will surely be included in the collection of the best studies on Malay/Indonesian studies not only in our country, but also in the world. Among them is the commented edition of the famous Malay historical monument of the XV-XVI centuries "Malay Genealogies" (also known under the Arabic name "Sulalat-us-salatin"), a version brought in 1798 from Malaya by I. F. Krusenstern and stored in the archive of the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of St. Petersburg*. The author of this research work, an employee of the Kunstkamera E. V. Revunenkova included in the publication a translation of the text, a historical and ethnographic, philological and textual commentary, as well as a facsimile of the manuscript.

Also at the presentation was presented the book by J. H. Sirk "Austronesian languages: introduction to comparative historical study "(Moscow: East Lit-ra RAS, 2008, 479 p). According to M. A. Chlenov (Maimonides Academy of Sciences), who took part in the discussion, the work of J. H. Sirk is undoubtedly a valuable contribution to the world of Austronesian studies. The book provides an overview of the Austronesian language family, the largest in terms of number of languages, discusses its origin and external relations, provides a reconstruction of the Proto-Austronesian and Pramalayan-Polynesian languages, discusses the grammatical characteristics of Early Austronesian, as well as some grammatical features of the Austronesian languages of Indonesia and Oceania.

The book of memoirs " Russia-Indonesia. Years of rapprochement and close cooperation (1945-1965) " (Moscow, 2009, 319 p.) by Yu. A. Sholmova. Unfortunately, this is his posthumous publication (died in 2007). The author, who was at the origin of Soviet-Indonesian relations, is rightfully considered one of the "founding fathers" of Russian Indonesian studies.

The book presentation was completed by the collection of the authors 'collective" Malay-Indonesian studies. Issue XVIII. In honor of the 40th anniversary of the Nusantara Society and the 30th anniversary of the issue of " Malay-Indonesian Studies "(Moscow, 2008, 316 p).

V. V. Si-gaev, a diplomat and translator from Moscow, made an informational presentation at the meeting. He said that the first issue of the ORDER (Society of Zealots for the Spiritual Unity of Peoples) magazine (December, 2008) published an article "The Pearl of Bogor", which tells about the collection of paintings by Indonesian President Sukarno and the work of a group of Russian artists in Indonesia (in Bogor) to restore two huge paintings by a wonderful Russian artist K. Makovsky.

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On May 20, at the meeting of the Nusantara Society, V. A. Pogadaev (University of Malaya) made an interesting report on the outstanding film figure of Malaysia, P. P. Pogadaev. P. Ramli was a talented comedic and dramatic actor, screenwriter, director, musician and singer. All his films were a huge success, and comedies, where simple and uncomplicated jokes hide harsh criticism of social injustice, have become classics. P. Ramli's achievements were appreciated at international film festivals. In 1956, at the Third Asian Film Festival in Hong Kong, his film Hang Tuah (based on the Malay epic) won the prize for best music. P. Ramli himself was awarded the title of best actor at the same film festival in 1957 for the film "My Son Sazali" and in 1963 for the film "My mother-in-law". In addition, three of his films were recognized as the best comedy films of the festival in 1959. P. Ramli is the only one in Malaysia who received the title of a Great Actor. And already posthumously in 1990, he was awarded one of the highest state titles of the country Tan Sri. There are two Ramli Memorial museums in Malaysia - one on the island of. Penang, where he was born, and the second in Kuala Lumpur. In recent years, the actor's popularity has increased dramatically. Every week, the central channels show films with his participation, his songs have become very fashionable as ringtones for mobile phones. A series of stamps dedicated to this filmmaker was issued. P. Ramli's authority in the field of

* "Sulalat-us-salatin. Krusenstern's Malay manuscript and its cultural and historical significance", St. Petersburg, 2008, 476 p. + facsimile.

cinematography extends far beyond the borders of his homeland. In the documentary, filmmakers from Indonesia, Australia, and Canada highly appreciated the skill of this remarkable actor and spoke about the influence of his work on the cinematography of neighboring countries.

T. V. DOROFEEVA

RUSSIAN STATE MILITARY ARCHIVE

On May 14-15, a round table of military archivists "Victory on the Khalkhin-Gol River in archival documents and documentary publications" was held in Moscow. It was held in commemoration of the 70th anniversary of the victory over the Japanese forces at Khalkhin Gol.

The round table was organized by the Russian State Military Archive (RGVA). In addition to the RGVA, this scientific forum was attended by: Russian Society of Historians and Archivists (ROIA); Section on the Use of Archival Documents in Patriotic Education; Russian State University for the Humanities (RSUH); Public Small Academy of Sciences (OMAN) "Intellect of the Future" and its Moscow and Murmansk city branches.

The meetings were attended by researchers from the Institute of Military History of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

The work began with welcoming speeches to the RGVA, which emphasized his great merits in publishing archival materials. The scientific part opened with a report by the heads of the RGVA - Director V. N. Kuzelenkov and Deputy Head of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Director V. A. Karataev "Documents of the RGVA on the history of the military conflict in the Khalkhin-Gol River area (May-September 1939), which described the largest collection of documents on Khalkhin - Gol collected in the archive - more than 700 items of storage. Most of the documents began to come from the Ministry of Defense in 1957.

This meeting, according to the authors of the report, is divided into several complexes:

The first is captured Japanese documents about the defeat of the Japanese group, information about the losses of both sides; reports and reports of the command; analytical materials on summarizing the experience of battles.

The second is mainly intelligence materials, reports on the moral and political state of the Soviet and Japanese troops.

The third is materials about the heroism of Soviet soldiers, awarding them orders and medals.

The fourth is also an award ceremony.

Fifth - materials of the operational Department of the General Staff of the Red Army. They have been available since 2002.

There are also personal funds: the Zhukov Foundation, the Stern Foundation, and others.

Some of these materials have already been published in documentaries of the Russian Academy of Military Sciences and the Institute of Military History of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, while the other part is waiting to be studied and put into scientific circulation. In general, the speakers concluded, the funds of the RGVA for Khalkhin Gol represent a complete and reliable picture of the entire Khalkhingol epic.

This report was followed by reports and presentations of participants - in just two days of work, 17 of them were heard and discussed. By their nature, they are conventionally divided into three categories: analytical, documentary, and review.

The first category includes the report of D. Y. Kozlov (Institute of Military History) "Features of military art on the Khalkhin-Gol River", which noted the successful conduct of combat operations in a relatively limited area of 80 km in length and 2 - 3 km in depth, which required particularly clear coordination of actions of various branches of the armed forces, and as well as coordinating the operations of the entire 1st Army Group, which fought on Khalkhin Gol, with the Trans-Baikal and Far Eastern military districts in order to ensure uninterrupted supply of ammunition, equipment, and food to the troops. This was all the more important because in the period of May-June 1939, sabotage and reconnaissance activities of the Japanese intensified in the Chita region. Thus, the speaker noted, the issues of security and protection of the rear of the army were in the center of attention and under the constant control of the Soviet command. For the first time in military practice, a special battalion was formed to search for spies (a prototype of the future SMERSh. - M. G.). A special role was also played by the NKVD and army counterintelligence.

For the first time in combat operations, especially during the preparation of the decisive offensive on August 20, 1939, a set of measures was adopted for operational and tactical disinformation of the enemy and camouflage: all troop movements only at night, radio exchange programs, disorienting noises, etc.

Kozlov concluded that these and other tactics developed at Khalkhin Gol were then widely used in the Finnish campaign and on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War.

Analytical reports were also made by the representative of the Moscow branch of the publishing house "Scherer Verlagen" A. E. Zabelin "Activities of Japanese intelligence in the USSR during the events in the area of Khalkhin Gol (1939)" and E. L. Katasonova (Institute of Military History) "Truth and Fiction about Khalkhin Gol". directions of Japanese intelligence activities in the regions of the USSR bordering Mongolia, especially in the initial phase of the conflict. He elaborated on the secret report of the Kwantung Army Intelligence Agency on the shortcomings and failures of Japanese intelligence during the Khalkhin Gol battle, which, in his opinion, led to a complete reorganization of the Kwantung Army intelligence service in March 1941.

E. L. Katasonova analyzed the nature of coverage of events on Khalkhin Gol in Japanese and Western historiography. It convincingly showed that falsifying tendencies predominate here, the desire to present the "little war" as a border conflict in the Nomon Khan Burd Ovoo Mountain area in eastern Mongolia, or as a test of strength allegedly provoked by the USSR, a test of the combat readiness of the Kwantung and Red armies, as a clash between the USSR and Japan-the second "Russo - Japanese war". war".

At the same time, the author emphasized the need to get rid of some myths originating from Soviet historiography. In particular, it should be recognized, she believes, that despite the warnings of our intelligence service in Japan about the impending aggression (R. Sorge group), the troops of the 57th special corps and especially the air force were initially poorly prepared to repel it, in May-June 1939 they suffered heavy losses, confusion and confusion reigned in the command. the confusion that led to its complete replacement and the formation of the 1st army group in 1939 is clearly underestimated in the official Soviet statistics figures of our losses - their exact number is still a secret.

Statements about Japan's intention to seize all of Mongolia and go further to Transbaikalia, Chita and Vladivostok are questionable. "Stuck" in the war with China, Japan was hardly ready for a large-scale war with the USSR at that time.

Nevertheless, the author assesses the events on Khalkhin Gol as a kind of Far Eastern prologue to the Second World War.

Another representative of the Institute of Military History, V. P. Zimonin, also made a report on "Historiography of events in the Khalkhin Gol region in 1939".

Of the documentary reports and reports, the most interesting were the reports "New documents on military events in the area of Lake Khasan and the Khalkhin-Gol River" (V. N. Sereda, Academy of Military Sciences), "Instructors of the Red Army under the PEACE (Mongolian People's Revolutionary Army) during the events on the Khalkhin-Gol River" (Yu. V. Yushina, RGVA), "Documents about events in the Khalkhin-Gol River area in the funds of the Russian State Archive of Modern Political History" (Russian State Archive of Modern Political History) (E. V. Ramensky, RGASPI), " Big Blood of the small wars of the Soviet Union and the MNRA during the fighting in the Khalkhin-Gol River area (May-September 1939 G.)" (I. M. Nagaev, RGVA) and others.

With review reports about newspaper publications about Khalkhin-Gol in 1939-2008, about the history of the 22nd Fighter Aviation Regiment, about Muscovites who participated in the events on Khalkhin-Gol (according to the "Book of Memory of the Russian Federation 1923-1939", Moscow 1998), about unpublished pages of memoirs about Marshal of the Soviet Union G. K. Zhukov Students-graduates of the 4th-5th courses of the RSUH Historical and Archival Institute spoke about the reflection of the events on Khalkhin-Gol in the documentary materials of the Operational Department of the General Staff of the Red Army, the impact of the events on Kholkhin-Gol on the course of the Great Patriotic War, etc.

All of them had internships at the RGVA and demonstrated a good ability to work with documents, solid historical training. And the wide involvement of students in the conference is an absolute merit of the RGVA leadership and evidence of its concern for the patriotic education of young people.

In general, the round table was held successfully, in an atmosphere of openness and goodwill. A special interest was given to it by a well-organized and extremely informative exhibition of documents and photographic materials about military cooperation between the USSR and the MNR during the conflict on the Khalkhin-Gol River (1939).

M. I. GOLMAN

DENPASAR (INDONESIA)

The 3rd International Conference of the South and Southeast Asian Association for the Study of Culture and Religion (SSEASR) "Waters in the Interaction of Culture and Religion in South and Southeast Asia" was organized by the Institute of Arts of Indonesia (Institut Seni Indonesia, Denpasar), the Hindu University of Indonesia (Universitas Hindu Indonesia, Denpasar) and the International Association for the History of Religions (UNESCO). The Organizing Committee of the conference was also headed by Wayan Rai, Rector of the Art Institute of Indonesia. Amarjiva Lochan, President of the Association of South and Southeast Asian Studies for Culture and Religion (India), played a leading role in the preparation of the conference.

The conference was attended by more than 400 researchers from many countries of the world. The conference was opened by the report of the famous scientist Wang Gongwu (Singapore) "Cultural diffusion: interoceanic exchange in the past and present", which showed the importance of water contacts in the history of mankind and drew parallels between the Mediterranean world of Europe, Asia and Africa and the "new Mediterranean Sea" between the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Wang Gongwu was elected chairman of the conference.

The main part of the reports was divided into 39 sections. "Water and the Vedas", "Seas, Ports, Islands and Religion", "Our Religions: art and Architecture", "Connected by Religion together", "Languages and Literature: the Repository of culture and religion", "Politics of Religion face to face with the religion of politics", "Pilgrimage: concepts and centers", "Science and Religion", "Ethnicity and Religion", "Women and Religion in South Asia: Current Challenges and the Future", "Diaspora: Identity, Faith and Conservation", "Water and Buddhism", "Monastery and Monasticism", "Culture and Religions along Rivers", " Christianity: distribution and Localization", "Philosophy of Religion", "Religious Trends and Lifestyles in South and Southeast Asia", "Symbolism", "Religion and its Theory", "Rituals", "Ganges: Holiness, Livelihood and Preservation", " Faith and Beliefs: Negotiations, Dialogue and Adaptations", "Archaeology of Religion", "Trade and Religion", "Ramayana and Mahabharata: India's Contribution to the Indian Ocean", "Water and Religion Beyond South and Southeast Asia", "Folklore and Beliefs about Water", "Performing Arts and Our Religions", " Nature, Environment and Religion", "Light of Faith", " Bali Culture and Religion: An Expanded India?"Women and Religion", "The Dynamism of Islam", "The Traditional World of South and Southeast Asia", "The Sanctity of Water and Traditional Governance", "Religious Texts and Codes: Tradition and Application", "Religion and Education", "Hinduism and Buddhism: Dialogue within", " Mass Media and religion" - so diverse was the theme of the conference.

During the conference A. O. Zakharov (Russia) He was invited to lead the meetings of the section "The Politics of Religion face to face with the religion of politics", where six reports were heard.

In her presentation, Son Chuang Me (Malaysia) analyzed the religious aspect of the political beliefs and actions of the ordinary people of Tanauan City (Philippines). Such concepts as help (tulong), benevolence/blessing (biyaya), light (liwanag) are perceived by representatives of lower social groups as having religious overtones that are close to, but not identical with, Christian ideas about the salvation of humanity by Jesus Christ. Ordinary people see politicians as patrons who have a sacred status.

Trideep Chakraborty (India) reconstructed the history of the water dispute between Singapore and Malaysia, noting the importance of this issue for the further development of the region and the fate of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). The particular importance of this problem is explained, on the one hand, by Singapore's dependence on water supplies from Malaysia (more than 50% of all water consumed by this state comes from there), and on the other, by Singapore's unwillingness to reconsider prices for this most important resource for life. According to the 1961 agreement, which is still in force today, the price of 1 gallon of water is only 3 US cents. Malaysia is fighting to increase the price to 60 cents. ASEAN does not interfere in this water duel, but the nature of interaction on the main trade and passenger routes in the region depends on its outcome.

Erin Kamler (USA) formulated the problem of finding one's own identity among Thais in Thailand using the concept of nationality as an example. Her report attracted a number of critical comments, as it did not substantiate the applicability of the concept of nationality to the worldview of Thais. Tiffany Hodge (USA) researcher-

S. Ram Mohan (India) tried to find modern concepts from management theory in ancient Indian texts and, of course, found them.

The report of A. O. Zakharov (Russia) "Water in the political institutions of Srivijaya" based on ancient Malay inscriptions of the late 7th century demonstrated the connection of its ruler with the waters and the leading role of water deities in the beliefs of its inhabitants. The traditional view that Buddhism dominated Srivijaya as early as the seventh century should be corrected: in Sumatra, Buddhism was taking its first steps, becoming one of the means of symbolizing the ruler's power.

It is not possible to cover all the reports made at the conference. Nevertheless, I would like to note the joint performance of J.-P. Potro and E. Rambaud (France) on burials in the Samon River Valley in Burma dating back to the last centuries BC - the beginning of our era. More than 400 burials have been excavated. Ceramic tools usually consist of a flat bowl, a spherical pitcher, and a cylindrical vase. Sometimes there are iron and bronze objects and beads. There are items made of glass and ivory. Orientation of the bones with the head to the east (only two-to the north). According to the location of the remains and objects, it can be assumed that in some cases they were buried in coffins. E. Rambaud, in a separate report, analyzed honey-containing objects - mainly anthropomorphic and zoomorphic figures-from these burials, came to the conclusion that there were contacts between the inhabitants of the Samon River Valley and the inhabitants of the territory of the modern Chinese province of Yunnan.

O. Perzashkevich (Belarus) proposed an analysis of the concept of aryavarna according to the Rigveda data and convincingly showed that, firstly, in the Rigveda it was not associated with ethnic or racial identity, and secondly, Varna is a universal classification system that arises after the worship of Light and the creation of the Cosmos (world order) , and aryavarna was based on the unification of all the worshippers of certain gods and performers of certain rituals fighting on the side of Light.

Mitsuru Ando (Japan) researched ancient Javanese Shaivist texts to determine their Indian sources. Ando found that the ancient Javanese text "Vrihaspatitattva" was based on at least three traditions: Shaiva-siddhanta (for example, "Rauravasutrasamgraha"), Kashmiri Shaivism ("Svachchandatantra") and the Shaivism of the Pashupats (Pancharthabhashya).

Andrea Acry (the Netherlands) has shown that one of the propositions written in 1947 Ida Ketut Jelantik of the treatise "Aji Sankhya" - the concept of "eight-pointed yoga" () - contrary to the opinion of Hoikas, was widespread in the Javanese-Balinese tuturas (religious and philosophical texts), in particular in the work "Dharma Patanjala", compiled around 1450.

In general, the conference turned out to be extremely fruitful, contributing to the exchange of scientific information between scientists from Eastern and Western countries. It demonstrated the traditionally high level of world and domestic Oriental studies and became an important contribution to the study of such a topical and complex subject as religions and culture of the East. The next, 4th SSEASR conference will be held in 2011 in Bhutan.

A. O. ZAKHAROV

beijing

The Chinese Government attaches great importance to conducting Tibetological research in the country. The Tibetology Research Center, unlike other research institutes, is under the auspices of the State Council of the People's Republic of China. A network of research centers focused on the study of Tibet has been established in the country. According to the local press, China annually hosts several conferences and seminars on various levels of Tibetology, to which foreign scientists are invited. The holding of the Beijing Tibetological Research Seminar demonstrates the great importance that the Chinese Government attaches to national policy and ethnic relations in the state.

The workshop was held from 13 to 24 October 2008. It is organized by the Chinese Tibetology Research Center (Zhongguo Zangxue yanjiu zhongxin) and the Chinese Association for the Preservation and Development of Tibetan Culture.-

Zhongguo Xizang wenhua baohu yu fazhan xiehui, Academy of Social Sciences of the Tibet Autonomous Region (Xizang zizhiqu shehui kexueyuan). 219 participants were announced, including 39 foreign scientists from Russia, the USA, Japan, Germany, Austria, Canada, Taiwan, Great Britain, France, Hungary, Italy, and the Netherlands.

The Russian delegation was represented by V. L. Uspensky, A. V. Zorin (both from St. Petersburg), B. U. Kitinov (Moscow), E. V. Fedorova (Yakutsk), A. A. Bazarov, and I. R. Garry (both from Ulan - Ude). The seminar was divided into the following sections: "Socio-economic Research"; "Linguistics and Literature"; "Religious Studies"; "Sanskrit Studies"; "Museum Studies"; "History"; "Modern research"; "Tibetan Medicine". The conference materials were published in Chinese, Tibetan, and English, and simultaneous interpretation of speeches was provided.

In this note, the reports of the first section are presented in more detail, and the rest are presented based on the materials of the seminar. Thus, unfortunately, many interesting reports, including those made by prominent world-class scientists, fall out of the description.

The section "Socio-economic research" (24 reports) discussed perhaps the most sensitive issues from the point of view of the current situation in Tibet. Reports expressing the official point of view of the Chinese Government were made by Deputy Ministers. Director of the Development Research Center (State Council of the People's Republic of China) Yue Sundong ("Tibet's Economic Development Strategy") and Deputy Chairman of the Board of Directors. Director of the Tibetan Academy of Sciences Sun Yong ("The Changing Model of the Tibetan social Economy"), which noted the success of Tibet's economic development, the role of the party and the government in this process. A number of reports by Chinese scientists were devoted to the analysis of socio-economic problems based on field research: Pasan Lobu - on the environmental problems of Western Tibet, Nima Tashi - on the resettlement of peasants from the areas where the railway was laid, Wang Jinghong - on the development of the urban communities of Shua and Dangba in Lhasa, Zhang Jianghua-on the protection of environment and economic development in the Yarlong Tsang Po Valley, Zhang Shi - on the pastoral culture of the Tibetan regions prov. Yunnan, Guo Jianxun - about the identity and local culture of the Gui Qiong Tibetans in prov. Sichuan. Yang Min-hoon criticized the work of the American anthropologist from Yale University, J. R. R. Tolkien. Scott, who praised as a failure the ambitious project of the Chinese government to resettle the population from poor regions to the new village of Deji in Dannang County.

The greatest resonance was caused by the speech of the famous Canadian Tibetologist-economist E. Fischer. Unlike his Chinese colleagues, who positively assessed the economic and social development of Tibet, E. Fischer argued that the economic policy pursued by the Chinese government led to the emergence of a subsidized model of the economy and the marginalization of the main part of the Tibetan population. The report was criticized by many participants of the seminar. The head of the section, Tanzen, suggested holding a "round table" to continue the discussion on this topic. Interest in the work of the section was given by the presence of the famous Chinese anthropologist Ma Joong. He did not make a presentation, but took an active part in the discussions.

Reports of other foreign participants of the session were devoted to the so-called case studies: J. P. Hayes (Canada) - on the development of the tourism industry in Amdo (Ngaba Autonomous Region, Sichuan), S. P. Muskerza (Australia) - on the Chinese population in the Tibet Autonomous Region, J.-P. Desimpel (Belgium) - on the impact of railway construction on the living conditions of the population near Golmud, I. R. Garry (Russia) - on the transformation of Buddhism in Buryatia. In general, the work of the section was very fruitful, it was distinguished by a high level of reports, impeccable organization and friendly atmosphere.

35 participants were registered for the section "Linguistics and Literature". Among a large number of interesting reports, we will highlight the following: Baima Zhasi (China) "Problems of Translating the Geser Epic", Chen Jian (China) "Ancient Tibetan Words in the Amdo dialect", Dorje Rinchen (China) "Research on the Development of Tibetan literature", V. L. Uspensky (Russia) "Printing Tibetan books in Russia in the XVIII century". - early XX century", L. V. Fedorova (Russia) "Tibetan parallels in the Yakut epic Olonkho", M. Phillips (USA) "Travels of Tibetan scientists to the West", Pema Lhundup (China) "Trial reconstruction of the original consonant system in the Amdos dialect", Wang Yao (China) " Identity and mutual influence of cultures: a Study of translations into Chinese and Tibetan", Sherab Sanpo (China) "Tibetan Publications of the Yuan Dynasty", Minibutasan, Takahata Hiraoka (Japan) "Study of Chinese and Tibetan Languages".

method of Tibetan Linguistic Geography (ethnic corridor of Western Sichuan)", A.V. Zorin (Russia)" Study of the collection of lyrical songs of the Dalai Lama VI", Zhou Wei (China)"Comparative analysis of the French training program and Tibetan-Chinese billingual training in the Tibet Autonomous Region".

At the section "Religious Studies", presentations were made by: A. A. Bazarov " Collection of Tibetan manuscripts and woodcuts "Gros grwa" of the Institute of Mongolian Studies, Buddhology and Tibetology of the IMBT SB RAS", Ngawan Gyatso (China) "A brief study of the Bon religion", B. U. Kitinov "State and religion in the Caspian region: Tibetan Buddhism and Islam", G. Dawa Tserin (China) "The role of living Buddhas in building a harmonious society in Tibet", Deji Dolma (China)" The shape of the mandala and its meaning for Tara", Dundup Namgyal (China)" About the term Gshen rab myi bo in old Bon texts", Banban Dorje (China) "Comparative Study of the World of Buddhism". research on the Translation of Buddhist manuscripts in Tibetan and Chinese versions", Leslie Kawamura (France) "rGyal-sras Thogs-med Bzang po dpal's Contribution to Yoga charu", Kedrup Choipel (China) "Brief Introduction of Lonchen Rabjampa and his Buddhist Writings", Liang Jihong (China) "Wu Wei's Influence on the World of Buddhism". the spread of Tibetan Buddhism during the Tangut period in Liangzhou", Pu Rike (China) "A brief analysis of the Gospel of John and the Gospel of Matthew and European religious and cultural studies in Tibetology", Drumdul (China)"Tibetan Buddhism and social Harmony".

29 reports were read in the section "Sanskrit Studies". Among them, we note the following: Duan Qing (China) "Projects on Sanskrit manuscripts at Peking University", Jene Braarvig (Norway) "Publication of Buddhist texts on the Web", Han Tingjie (China) "On the Heart Sutra in Sanskrit", Ye Shaodong (China) "A brief analysis of Madhyamika Sanskrit texts in China". Tibet", Shoryu Katsura (Japan) "Rediscovering Dignaga through Jinendrabuddhi", Toru Tomabechi (Austria) "Some Notes on the Tibetan Translation of the Vinayasutra", G. Krasser (Austria) "Sakya Pandita and the creation of" others"", P. Hugon (Austria) " Phya pa Chos kyi seng ge's Topical Outline of the Pramanaviniscaya", E. Steinkelner (Austria) "Sanskrit manuscripts in China".

The most interesting reports of the section "Museology": Chen Nan (China) "Important material evidence of the policy of paying estates in Tibet during the Ming Dynasty", Tserin Gyalpo (China) "Wall painting in the Karjie Valley", A. Heller (China) "Nyag lha khang dkar po in Light of the Artistic, Liturgical and cultural aspects of the city". Historical Context of Guge Kingdom during the list Century", K. Jahoda (Austria) "Dorje Chenmo-the female protector deity and her Historical Relationship with the royal Family in the ancient Western Tibetan Kingdom", M. Kapstein (USA) "De ga g.yu tshal Treaty Temple: A Review of Research and a Response to Critics", Li Yizhi (China) "Research on the characteristics of Tsha-tsha in the early Guge", Liu Dong (China) "The value of Tsa tsa and its preservation", Luo Wenhua (China )" Findings of Bon wall paintings in Ngaba (prov. Sichuan)", Chandra Reedy (USA) "Tibetan handicraft tradition in Amdo", Yeshe Puntso (China) "Potential value of the Buddhist art market in China and its development".

Among the reports of the "History" section, we note the following: Pasan Vandui (China) "Scientific method of research of ancient Tibetan manuscripts and recently discovered ancient Bon manuscripts", Deng Ruilin (China) "Some questions of the history of the Gurkha invasion in Tibet", Geesan Daerji (China) "Study of the Tibetan inscription tsha-han-sor-rga", Jia Xiaofeng (China) " Relationships between local tribal leaders and central governments (a case study by Dong Pu Han Hu)", So Wenqing (China) "Halima's entry into the capital during the early Ming period and the creation of the Omen Map", Wang Qilong (China) " Contributions to Chinese Tibetology by Prof. Alexander von Stahl Holstein", Zhalo (China) "Relations between Tibet and Bhutan after 1792", Gyalmodrugpa (China) "Study of Sump History", Luo Zhongshan (China) "Qianlong Emperor's faith in Tibetan Buddhism", Zhou Rennyang (China) " Administration of Tibetan Regions during the Qianlong (Qing dynasty) according to his "Lamaism"", F. Zhagou (France)" Everyday life of the Manchu amban", Imaeda Yoshiro (France)"Khor lo'i tshul batab pa - Tibetan text from Dunhuang".

Chinese scholars Du Yongbing " Westernization of Tibetan Buddhism (study of Tibetan Buddhism in the United States)", Liang Junyang "Discussion of the historical status of Tibet-commentary on the" History of Tibet-Conversations with the Dalai Lama "by Thomas Leed", Liu Hongji " Freedom the Tibetan People: Traditions and Religion", Ni Bangui " Politics and Strategic Priorities of the Chinese people

governments in Building a Harmonious Tibet", Wang Xiaobing "Some Questions on the Calm Before the Storm: 1951-1955", Sherab Nima "Review of Sino-Tibetan Cultural Exchanges during the Republican China Period", Xie Gangzheng "National Autonomy in Tibet", Xu Baiyong "Religious Policy in Tibet", Zhang Yongpang "Qinghai-Tibet Railway and Stable Development of Tibet", Zhou Yuan " Why did Tibet not become independent during the Republican China?" etc.

In my opinion, the most interesting reports were presented at the section "Tibetan Medicine": Ai Tsoqian (China) "Tibetan medicine, overcoming aging and longevity", Ci Deji (China) "The effectiveness of combining Tibetan and Western medicine in the treatment of gout", Huang Fukai (China) " Urine diagnostics in Tibetan medicine", Wang Chunlei (China ) "Tibetan medical treatment techniques", Jiaojia Caizhan (China) "Research of Tibetan mineral medicine", Lu Kangshan (China) "Application of active methods in combination with Tibetan natural medical therapy for eye diseases", N. D. Bolsokhoeva (Russia) "Famous Buryat figures of the Atsagat Tibetan Medical School", Yu. Zhabon (Russia) "Study of Tibetan medical sources in Buryat monasteries", Zhong Gejia (China) "Environmental protection concepts and harmonious thinking in the Four Medical Tantras".

Simultaneously with the seminar, an exhibition and sale of books on Tibetology published in China was held. The quantity and quality of the books produced cannot leave any Tibetologist indifferent. Especially impressive are the publications of Tibetan sources, including the complete edition of Ganjur and Danzhur.

The Beijing seminar demonstrates the high-quality development of Tibetological research in China, which is largely supported by the state. It seems that with the gradual overcoming of ideological dictates, the expansion of the research base, and the participation of scientists in the development of concepts for the development of Tibet, Tibetological research in the PRC will reach a new level.

I. R. GARRY

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