O. Y. ZIMINA, L. N. MYLNIKOVA
(BASED ON THE MATERIALS OF THE MONUMENTS OF THE YURTOBOROVSKY ARCHAEOLOGICAL MICRODISTRICT IN NIZHNY PRITOBOLYE)

O. Y. Zimina 1, L. N. Mylnikova 2

1 Institute of Problems of Development of the North SB RAS

a / z 2774, Tyumen, 625003, Russia

E-mail: paleoeco@ipdn. ru

2 Institute of Archeology and Ethnography SB RAS

17 Akademika Lavrentieva Ave., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia

E-mail:mylnikova@archaeology.nsc.ru

Introduction

The lower Tobol Basin is the territory of the lower Tobol River basin and its left (Iset, Tura with Pyshma, Tavda) and right (Tal, Yurga) tributaries within the northern part of the forest-steppe, subtaiga, and partly southern taiga natural zones. Tobol, Iset, Tura with Pyshma, Tavda originate in the Ural Mountains. Within the Tyumen region, rivers acquire a typically flat character, with a calm flow, low speed,and strong meandering of the channel. Wide, up to several kilometers, floodplains with many lakes and old trees are accompanied by strips of sandy terraces with pine forests and large swamp massifs [Pomus, 1956, pp. 585-586; Fiziko-geograficheskoe zoning..., 1973, p. 151; Bakulin and Kozin, 1996, p. 50].

Until recently, the territory of the Lower part of the Volga Region was a white spot on the map of cultures of the turn of the Bronze - Early Iron Ages in Western Siberia. In the early 1990s, several fortified settlements with a circular layout (Yurtoborovsky Archaeological microdistrict)were discovered in the Yarkovsky district of the Tyumen Region at the confluence of the Tobol and Tal Rivers [Zach, 1995]. The monuments are located on a 1.5-2 km long sandy promontory with dune mounds (Fig. 1). In 1991, 2001 - 2004, excavations were carried out at the ancient settlements Vak-Kur-2, Karagai-Aul-1, -4 [Zakh and Zimina, 1999; Zimina, 2002, 2004a, b]. The appearance of ceramics, some items, and a series of radiocarbon dates (Table 1) made it possible to date these fortified settlements to the transition from Bronze to Iron age-the beginning of the Early Iron Age.

The studied ancient settlements were assigned to the Itkul culture, identified from the materials of monuments of the Trans-Urals (Salnikov, 1962; Beltikova, 1977). Regional features of the Pritobolsk complexes determined the allocation of the eastern local variant and its stages (Fig. 2): Itkul, Karagai-aul, and Vakkurov (Zakh and Zimina, 2004). Chronological framework of the existence of the eastern variant of the Itkul culture on the territory of the Lower part of the Volga region-the end of the VIII / beginning of the VII-end of the VI century BC (Table 1).

The Itkul stage is represented by the Karagai-Aul-4 monument , a single-site settlement of oval shape (160x110 m). In the course of excavations on an area of 390 m2, two buildings and a small section of defensive structures were investigated here. The cultural layer of the monument is poorly saturated with finds. These are scrapers made of ceramic fragments and one of green slate used for processing hides, a fragment of a small clay product (foundry mold?), about 1500 fragments of ceramics (there are 36 vessels in the necks).

The Karagai-Aul stage is represented by the two-site settlement of Karagai-Aul-1 - two contiguous platforms of oval (Karagai-Aul-1/A) and round (Karagai-Aul-1/B) shape with a closed, circular layout, fortified ditches and ramparts.

page 96

Figure 1. Map of the location of monuments of the eastern local variant of the Itkul culture in the Yurtoborovsky archaeological microdistrict. 1-Karagai-Aul-4; 2-Karagai-Aul-1; 3-Vak-Kur-2. a - ancient settlements; b - roads; c - woodlands.

The site of Karagai-Aul-1 / A (250x164 m) is delineated by a slightly pronounced rampart and moat in relief. In the north-western and north-eastern parts of the settlement, entrances with a width of 3 and 4 m are recorded, respectively. Inside, along the edge of the oval site, there were 44 land-type dwellings, but no buildings were recorded in the central part. Two excavations with a total area of 281 m2 covered small areas of defensive structures and inter-dwelling space, one building completely, one partially. Approximately 1000 ceramic fragments were found within the fully investigated structure (there are approx. 30 vessels), fragments of a crucible and ceramic scrapers. The cultural layer of the partially investigated structure contained a small number of finds: several ceramic scrapers, fragments, most likely, of a crucible, and 325 fragments of ceramics (there are no more than 12 vessels in the necks).

The Karagai-Aul-1 / B site (diameter approx. 170 m) is surrounded by two ramparts and a moat between them. Inside, along the circumference and in the center, the remains of 43 ground buildings are recorded. The 256 m2 excavation covered a building on the edge of a mountain rise, an inter-dwelling space on the slope of a hollow, and part of a defensive system. In the cultural layer, a bronze piercing (awl), clay spinning rods (whole and in fragments), about 100 ceramic scrapers made from fragments of vessel walls, fragments of a crucible (?) and bronze drops, a scraper on a flake of gray slate used for processing hides, a grater made of quartzite pebbles, and more than 8,000 fragments of ceramics were found (there are 151 vessels in the necks).

The Vak-Kurov stage is represented by the Vak-Kur-2 settlement, which consists of two fortified sites of oval (Vak-Kur-2/A) and round (Vak-Kur-2/B) shape and the Vak-Kur-2 settlement. Inside the Vak-Kur-2/A moated area (160 x 100 m) were located

page 97

Table 1. Radiocarbon dates of monuments of the Yurtoborovsky archaeological microdistrict

Monument

An object

Sample Index

Absolute date, l. n.

Calibrated date, years BC

±16

±26

Karagay-Aul-4

Building 1

SOAN-5316

2630 ± 30

822 - 796

840 - 760

SOAN-5318

2750 ± 45

970 - 960

1000

930 - 830

810

SOAN-5314

2785 ± 25

1000 - 985

1000

975 - 950

890

945 - 895

880 - 830

Building 2

SOAN-5320

2595 ± 30

806 - 766

830 - 760

690 - 660

610 - 590

Shaft

SOAN-5321

2625 ± 75

900 - 750

1000

690 - 660

400

620 - 590

580 - 560

Karagay-Aul-1 /A

Building 2

SOAN-2925

2840 ± 30

1040 - 1030

1130

1020 - 920

900

MZHP*

SOAN-4615

2635 ± 35

825 - 796

900 - 870

840 - 760

"

SOAN-4616

2695 ± 75

920 - 790

1050

750

Shaft

SOAN-4617

2625 ± 65

900 - 760

930 - 740

680 - 660

730 - 520

610 - 590

Karagay-Aul-1 / B

Building 1

SOAN-4614

2745 ± 30

910 - 830

980 - 950

940 - 820

SOAN-4613

2830 ± 25

1005 - 965

1050

960 - 925

900

Vak-Kur-2/B

Building 1

SOAN-5838

2420 ± 75

760 - 680

780 - 390

670 - 640

590 - 580

550 - 400

SOAN-5836

2415 ±30

760 - 740

760 - 680

540 - 530

670

520 - 400

640

550

390

Shaft

SOAN-5840

2770 ± 75

1000 - 830

1130

800

SOAN-5841

2510 ±80

800 - 520

800 - 400

Vak-Kur-2 (village)

Building 1

SOAN-4611

2460 ± 65

760 - 680

780 - 400

670 - 630

600 - 570

560 - 480

470 - 410

SOAN-4608

2505 ± 60

790 - 750

800 - 480

730 - 520

470 - 410

SOAN-4610

2575 ± 40

810 - 760

830 - 750

690 - 660

700 - 540

620 - 590

580 - 560

SOAN-4609

2685 ± 60

900 - 800

1000

760

Building 2

SOAN-4612

2255 ± 30

390 - 350

400 - 340

290 - 230

330 - 200

220 - 210

* Interspinal space.

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2. Scheme of development of the eastern local variant of the Itkul culture.

page 99

42 land-based dwellings. The Vak-Kur-2/B platform (diameter approx. 80 m) is bounded by a rampart and a moat. There were 21 ground structures on it. Outside of both fortified sites on the northern and eastern sides, the remains of 82 ground structures were recorded.

On the fortified part of the monument, one structure (on the site of Vak-Kur-2/B) and a section of the defensive lines of both sites (ditches and a rampart-shaped elevation between them) were studied. The total area of the excavation is 217 m2. In the village of Vak-Kur-2, an excavation of 372 m2 uncovered the remains of two dwellings.

In the cultural layer of the dwelling on the fortified part of the monument, a spinning wheel made of clay and one specimen made of bone, about 50 scrapers made of broken vessels, clay beads, a cup ("thimble"), a fragment of a foundry mold (?), several fragments of unidentifiable products, about 7,000 fragments of ceramics were found. Approximately 100 vessels were identified; fragments of 68 vessels were statistically processed.

The collection from the excavations of dwellings in the village includes items made of bronze (arrowhead, fragments of small plates), stone (cast mold sash, flint plate, shale flake, siltstone grater, pebble abrasive), clay (altar, fragment of an oval dish, stucco spinning wheel and one carved from the vessel wall, a small " chip", a ball and a fragment of a product resembling the handle of a vessel, or a fragment of an image in the form of an animal's head, approx. 100 scrapers from the walls of vessels) and more than 6,000 fragments of ceramics, of which 127 vessels were reliably identified.

Description of ceramic complexes

Ceramics of the ancient settlement Karagai-Aul-4. Petrographic analysis of the samples showed that the vessels are made of montmorillonite-hydromica loams with a slight admixture of powdery clastic material (feldspar-quartz). Cement makes up from 70 to 88 % of the section area. There are several recipes for molding masses: clay + rock fragments + chamotte + organic matter (?); clay + rock fragments + chamotte; clay + sand + chamotte; clay + rock fragments + organic matter. Chamotte is present in almost all samples, but in most cases it is not much: from single grains to 12 % of the section area. The size of chamotte grains is 0.1-1.5 mm. A special feature of the molding masses of the ceramics of the Karagai-Aul-4 settlement is the presence of talc (Table 2): out of 12 samples, it is not recorded in only two (Figs. 3, 4, 5).

The bottoms of the vessels are made by patchwork technique (in a circle), and the walls of the products are erected with a tourniquet

Table 2. Results of petrographic analysis of ceramics from fortified settlements of the Lower part of the Volga region

Slot cipher (sample cipher)

Cement, % of the section area

Composition of the molding compound

Sand

Chamotte

Pore volume, %

% of the section area

Prevailing size, mm

Composition

%

Size, mm

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

KA4-1 (KA4 / 03)

72 - 75

G+Po+W+O?

25

0,05 - 0,25

PS and HF grains, smaller - muscovite plates, talc, hornblende grains, EP

2 - 3

0,1 - 0,6

"

KA4-2 (KA4 / 03 / 49)

70 - 75

G+Po+W+O?

25 - 30

0,05 - 0,25

Grains of PS, HF, less-hornblende, tourmaline, muscovite plates, talc, fragments of siliceous rocks

Units.

0,2

KA4-3 (KA4 / 03 / 19)

75 - 80

D+Po+W

20 - 25

0,05 - 0,25

PS, HF, and less grains - hornblende, EP, muscovite plates, and siliceous rock fragments

1 - 3

?

KA4-4 (KA4 / 03/146)

75 - 80

D+Po+W

20 - 25

0,05 - 0,5 0,1 - 0,2

Grains of PS, KV, less-hornblende, EP, muscovite plates, talc

Units.

0,25 - 0,8

KA4-5 (KA4 / 03 / 18)

83 - 88

G+P+W

5 - 7

0,05 - 0,25

Grain of PS, KV

7 - 10

0,1 - 1,7

-

KA4-6A (KA4 / 03)

73 - 80

G+Po+W+O?

10 - 15

0,05 - 0,2

PS, HF grains, rare hornblende grains, muscovite plates, talc

10 - 12

0,1 - 2,0

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Continuation of Table 2

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

KA4-6B (KA4 / 03/??)

80 - 85

D+Po+W

10 - 13

0,05 - 0,2

Grains of PS, HF, rare plates of biotite, colorless SL, fragments of siliceous rocks

5 - 7

0,1 - 1,0

-

KA4-7 (KA4 / 03/123)

80 - 85

D+Po+W

15 - 20

0,05 - 0,5 0,1 - 0,2

PS, HF grains, rare hornblende grains, EP, muscovite plates, talc

1 - 2

0,1 - 1,0

KA4-8 (KA4 / 03 / 46)

85

G+Po+W+O?

15

0,05 - 0,25

PS, HF grains, rare grains of hornblende, EP, clinopyroxene, muscovite plates, talc

Units.

0,3 - 1,5

5 - 7

KA4-9 (KA4 / 03 / 84)

80

G+Po+O?

20

0,05 - 0,15

PS grains, KB, less - fragments of siliceous rocks, plates of biotite, muscovite, talc

7

KA4-10 (KA4 / 03 / 43)

80 - 85

G+Po+W+O?

15 - 20

0,05 - 0,25

PS, KB, less grains - hornblende, muscovite, talc, biotite plates, siliceous rock fragments

Units.

0,25 - 0,6

KA4-11 (KA4 / 03/122)

75 - 80

D+Po+W

20 - 25

0,05 - 0,25

PS, KB, less grains - hornblende, muscovite, talc, biotite plates, siliceous rock fragments

Units.

0,5

KA-3 (KA1 / 4)

58 - 63

G+P+W

27 - 32

0,08 - 1,25
0,1 - 0,25
and 0.5

KB, sometimes mosaically fading, less-PS, rarely - fragments of the main mass of acid effusions, siliceous, micaceous-siliceous fragments, single-SL, EP

7

0,2 - 0,7

2 - 3

KA-8 (KA1 / 35)

57 - 62

G+P+W

32 - 35

0,05 - 0,25 0,08 - 0,2

KB, less than-PH, rarely-siliceous fragments, rarely-SL, EP

3 - 5

0,3 - 1,25

3

KA-10 (KA1 / 30)

63 - 68

G+P+W

25 - 30

0,08 - 0,3 0,1 - 0,25

KB, sometimes crushed, mosaically fading, less-PS, rarely-siliceous, micaceous-siliceous fragments, single-SL, EP

5

0,4 - 1,0

3

KA-11 (KA1 / 34)

63 - 68

G+P+W

25 - 30

0,05 - 0,25 0,05 - 0,15

KA, less than-PS, rarely-the main mass of acid effusions, clay, siliceous, clay-siliceous fragments, single-SL, EP

5

0,2 - 0,9

2

KA-15 (KA1/?)

55 - 60

G+P+W

30 - 35

0,05 - 0,35 0,08 - 0,2

KB, less than-PH, rarely - fragments of the main mass of acid effusions, siliceous fragments, single-SL, EP

8 - 10

0,2 - 1,6

2

KA-18 (KA1 / OV-02/50)

60 - 68

D+Po+W

18 - 23

0,08 - 0,25 0,08 - 0,15

KB, less than-PH, rarely - fragments of the main mass of acid effusions, siliceous fragments, single-SL, EP, anatase, ore mineral

12 - 15

0,25 - 3,0

2

KA-19 (KA1 / OV-02/50)

68 - 73

G+P+W

20 - 23

0,05 - 0,25 0,08 - 0,15

KB, sometimes mosaically fading, less-PS, often fractured; less often-siliceous, clay-siliceous fragments, fragments of the main mass of acid effusions; occasionally-SL, EP, zoisite, small carbonate fragments

5 - 7

0,3 - 0,75

1 - 2

KA-20 (KA1/OV-02/21)

50 - 55

G+P+W

35 - 37

0,05 - 0,35 0,1 - 0,3

HF, less than-PH, rarely-siliceous fragments, microquartzites, single-SL, hornblende, ore mineral

8 - 10

0,5 - 1,2

2

KA-22 (KA1/OV-02)

62 - 68

G+P+W

20 - 25

0,08 - 0,25 0,08 - 0,15

HF, less-PH, rarely - fragments of the main mass of acid effusions, siliceous fragments, single-SL, EP, anatase, ore mineral

8 - 10

0,25 - 0,8

2 - 3

page 101

Continuation of Table 2

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

KA1-2 (KA1 / kr/431)

65 - 68

G+P+W

30 - 35

0,05 - 0,25 0,1 - 0,2

KV, much less-PS, rarely-siliceous fragments, occasionally-SL, EP

Units.

0,5 - 0,8

2

KA1-3 (KA1 / kr/430)

60 - 65

G+P+W

27 - 32

0,05 - 0,3 0,1 - 0,2

HF, less than PH, rarely - fragments of the main mass of acid effusions, micaceous-siliceous, siliceous fragments, microquartzites, single-SL, EP, zoisite, sphene

5

0,25 - 0,4

2 - 3

KA1-4 (KA1 / kr / 361)

73 - 78

G+Po+W?

22 - 27

0,05 - 4,0
0,1 - 0,3
and > 1

HF, often fading in a mosaic, PS, microquartzites, large fragments composed of a talc aggregate of a fibrous structure

Units.

?

KA1-5 (KA1 / kr / 381)

68 - 72

G+P+W

23 - 27

0,05 - 0,25 0,1 - 0,2

HF, less than-PH, rarely-siliceous fragments, occasionally-SL, EP, hornblende

2 - 3

?

KA1-7 (KA1 / kr / 381)

63 - 65

G+P+W

20 - 25

0,05 - 0,3 0,1 - 0,2

HF, less than PH, rarely-fragments of the main mass of acid effusions, siliceous, micaceous-siliceous fragments, single-SL, EP, zoisite, amphibole

8 - 10

0,25 - 1,0

2

KA1-8 (KA1 / kr / 381)

55 - 60

G+P+W

27 - 32

0,08 - 0,25

HF, less-PH, rarely-siliceous fragments, sometimes chloritized, fragments of the main mass of acid effusions, single-SL, EP, hornblende

10 - 12

0,2 - 1,2

2

KA1-9 (KA1 / kr / 381)

58 - 65

G+P+W

30 - 35

0,08 - 0,5 0,15 - 0,2

HF (occasionally there are crushed or mosaic-fading fragments), less often-PS, rarely - mica-siliceous, siliceous fragments, fragments of the main mass of acid effusions, microquartzites, singly-SL, EP, zoisite, hornblende, ore mineral

3 - 5

0,4 - 1,0

2

VK-2, (VK/200)

55 - 60

G+P+W

30 - 35

0,05 - 0,3 0,1 - 0,2

KV, often fractured, slightly less-PS, rarely-mica-siliceous, siliceous, clay-siliceous fragments, fragments of the main mass of acid effusions, single-SL, EP

5 - 7

0,2 - 0,8

2 - 3

VK-5, (VK/188)

60 - 65

G+P+W

25 - 30

0,05 - 0,3 0,08 - 0,25

KV, less-PS, less often-siliceous, clay-siliceous fragments, single-SL, EP

8 - 10

0,2 - 0,5

1

VK-7, (VK/200, 300)

68

G+P+W

23 - 27

0,08 - 0,3 0,1 - 0,2

KV, slightly less-PS, often fractured; less often-siliceous, clay-siliceous, micaceous-siliceous fragments, microquartzites, single-SL, EP, sphene, hornblende

3 - 5

0,2 - 0,3

1

VK-12 (VK / 180)

55 - 60

G+P+W

22 - 25

0,05 - 0,3 0,1 - 0,2

HF, slightly less-PH, often modified; less often-siliceous, clay-siliceous, micaceous-siliceous fragments, fragments of the main mass of acid effusions, microquartzites, singly-SL, EP, zoisite, anatase

15 - 18

0,2 - 2,2

2 - 3

VK-14 (VK/191)

55 - 60

G+P+W

25 - 27

0,05 - 0,25 0,05 - 0,2

KV, less-PS, less often-microquartzites, micaceous-siliceous, clay-siliceous fragments; isolated-SL, EP, cyosite, hornblende, sphene

12 - 15

0,25 - 1,0

2 - 3

page 102

End of Table 2

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

VK-15 (VK/208)

60 - 65

G+P+W

25 - 30

0,05 - 0,3 0,05 - 0,2

KV, less-PS, less often-siliceous, clay-siliceous fragments, microquartzites, single-SL, EP, sphen

8 - 10

0,25 - 1,0

2

VK-16 (VK/195)

45 - 55

G+P+W

30 - 35

0,05 - 0,4 0,1 - 0,25

KV, often fractured, slightly less-PS, isolated-microquartzites, SL, EP, zoisite, hornblende

-----

Notes: KA4 - ancient settlement of Karagai-Aul-4, KA1 / ov-ancient settlement of Karagai-Aul-1/A, KA1 / kr - ancient settlement of Karagai-Aul-1/B; VK - ancient settlement of Vak-Kur-2; D-clay, Po-rock fragments, W-chamotte, O - organic matter, P-sand, KB-quartz, PS-feldspar, EP-epidote, SL-mica.

3. Photos of petrographic sections of vessel samples. The ancient settlement of Karagai-Aul-4. Ciphers of sections: 1-KA4-11; 2 - KA4-1; 3 - KA4-2; 4 - KA4-5; 5 - KA4-3; 6 - KA4 - 6; 7-KA4-8; 8-KA4-10; 9-KA4 - 9; 10-KA4 - 7.

by this method with subsequent disbanding by hand. These are mostly pots with a squat body, wide necks, and bulging shoulders. Low straight (46.7 %) or slightly curved (50 %) necks in most cases have a thickening of 9-13 mm (93.3%) when moving to the shoulder. Corolla sections are rounded (43.3 %) or flat (40 %), rarely sloping outwards (16.7 %). The thickness of the vessel walls is from 4 to 8 mm. The bottoms are flattened or rounded. The neck diameters of the products vary from 25 to 37 cm.

4, 2): a pot 23 cm high with a wide mouth (diameter 32 cm) and a small flat bottom (diameter approx. 8-9 cm), decorated with several rows of horizontal lines on the neck and a grid on the shoulder, made with a large comb stamp. The transition from the neck to the shoulder is decorated with one row of rounded dimples.

All dishes are ornamented, as a rule, either by two-thirds, or, much less often, only at the base of the neck. The corolla is marked with impressions of a combed or smooth stamp; in 33.3% of cases, the ornament is missing. The inner side of the necks is decorated in 50 % of the products (oblique impressions of a comb or, in one case, a wavy stamp or grid).

Most often, a comb stamp was used to apply the ornament (83.3%), much less often - a jet stamp (3.3 %). Isolated cases of using a smooth stamp and impressions in the form of a corner, notches, punctures, and amorphous indentations are noted.

There are few elements of the pattern (Table 3). On the necks, most often horizontal lines (73.3%) from the impressions of a comb or wave, sometimes there are rows of inclined impressions (10%), in isolated cases - patterns of interpenetrating shapes, grids, and rows of indentations. The neck is always marked by two rows of dimpled indentations (83.3 %), much less often by one. The fossae are rhombic (56.7 %), rounded (33.3 %) or rounded.

page 103

Fig. 4. Ceramics. The ancient settlement of Karagai-Aul-4. Ciphers of sections: 1-KA4-1; 2-KA4-6A; 4-KA4-8; 5-KA4-4; 7-KA4-7.

Table 3. Characteristics of ornamentation of ceramics of monuments of the Yurtoborovsky archaeological microdistrict, %

An ornamental element

Karagay-Aul-4

Karagay-Aul-1/A

Kara ga y-Aul-1 / B

Vak-Kur-2/B

Vak-Kur-2 settlement

Horizontal lines

83,3

54,3

15,9

23,5

7,1

A series of oblique impressions

20

25,7

23,1

36,8

31,5

A series of vertical impressions

3,3

-

5,3

2,9

1,6

One zigzag

20

2,9

4,6

2,9

1,6

Two zigzags

3,3

2,9

1,3

-

0,8

Three or more zigzags

3,3

11,4

1,9

2,9

3,9

Zigzag vertical

-

2,9

1,3

1,5

-

Right triangles

-

11,4

-

-

-

Interpenetrating shapes

43,3

37,1

5,3

7,4

1,6

Shaded strips

6,7

11,4

-

1,5

1,6

Grid

16,7

14,3

5,9

4,4

5,5

Rhombuses

3,3

-

0,7

1,5

-

A series of corner stamp impressions

-

-

27,1

30,9

8,7

Columns

-

-

-

1,5

-

Rows of indentations

10

22,9

0,7

19,1

20,5

Roller (between pits)

3,3

2,9

-

-

-

Triangles with their vertices facing up

-

-

-

1,5

-

Triangles with their vertices facing down

3,3

-

-

-

0,8

Horizontal herringbone pattern

-

-

-

-

2,4

Square wave

3,3

-

-

-

-

One row of pits

13,3

51,4

19,2

64,7

66,1

Two rows of staggered holes

83,3

42,9

3,3

7,4

0,8

Three rows of staggered holes

-

5,7

-

1,5

-

One row of pearls

-

-

80,8

19,1

29,1

Alternating dimples and pearls

-

-

-

7,4

3,1

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oval (10 %) shape. A twisted roller (3.3 %) may be located between them. In the shoulder area, most often there are interpenetrating shapes (46.7 %), sometimes separated by rows of shallow pins, rows of horizontal lines (40 %), zigzags (26.7 %), less often-inclined lines (16.7 %), rows of teardrop-shaped depressions (13.3 %), a grid (10 %), shaded ribbons (6.7 % ), triangles with their vertices facing down (6.7 %), a ladder pattern and a square wave (3.3%). The composition is completed by one or two horizontal lines or zigzags or horizontal lines in combination with one row of shallow indentations or inclined impressions of the comb (Table 3; Fig. 4).

Ceramics of the ancient settlement Karagai-Aul-1. Dishes from the ancient settlement of Karagai-Aul-1 / A are made of loam with montmorillonite-a hydro-micaceous clay mass, which in samples makes up from 50 to 70 % of the section area. There is reason to assume that potters used river or lake clays: petrographers often note the presence of small carbonate fragments or phosphate lumps in the shards, the remains of echinoderms.

Two recipes for molding masses are identified: clay + sand + chamotte; clay + rock fragments + chamotte. The second one is very rare (Figure 5).

Chamotte is represented by fragments of irregular, tabular, wedge-shaped shape, occupies 3-15 % of the section area. Quartz grains predominate in the sand composition; there are fewer feldspars; siliceous fragments, microquartzites, and occasionally mica, epidote, and ore mineral are recorded. Sand accounts for 18-37% of the section area (see Table 2).

The dishes are made by the technique of butt welding with subsequent disbanding. In several cases (small cups), patchwork molding is noted.

Vessels are pot-shaped, with wide necks, most often with convex shoulders and a rounded bottom. The necks are slightly curved (51.4 %), less often straight (37.2%), most (80%) have a thickening at the base. No more than 11.4% of vessels are poorly profiled , usually with poor ornamentation. Corollas in most cases are rounded in shape and without ornaments (48.6 %). Flat sections (34.3 %) are decorated with impressions of combed (22.9 %), smooth (22.9 %), wavy (8.6 %) stamps.

One wide-necked pot of medium height with a straight neck without thickening, an inward-sloping section and a rounded bottom was reconstructed (Figs. 6, 7). The neck is decorated with a number of round pits and inclined impressions of a short combed stamp. There are rows of shallow indentations along the entire body up to the bottom part.

A comb stamp was more often used for drawing ornaments (48.6 %), and a slightly less frequent one was a wavy (trickle) stamp (22.9 %). A large percentage are shallow teardrop-shaped depressions (31.4 %). Mainly the upper third of the surface of the products is decorated. On the neck, as a rule, there are horizontal (31.4 %), inclined (8.5 %) lines or a grid (11.4 %). The transition to the shoulder is decorated with dimples of various shapes, which are applied either in one row (51.4 %), or in two staggered rows (40%). Pearls are visible on the inside of some vessels. In one case, slightly convex pearls are applied to the neck of the vessel under the corolla, the transition to the body is decorated with a double row of pits in a staggered order. Oval-shaped fossae predominate (51.4 %); rounded and rhombic fossae are equal in size to the rest.

5. Photos of petrographic sections of vessel samples. The ancient settlement of Karagai-Aul-1 / A (oval platform). Ciphers of thin sections: 1-KA-20; 2-KA-19; 3-KA-18; 4-KA-15; 5-KA-11; 6-KA-10; 7-KA-8; 8-KA-3; 9-KA-22.

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Fig. 6. Ceramics. The ancient settlement of Karagai-Aul-1 / A (oval platform). Slash codes: 3-KA-3; 5-KA-19; 8-KA-8; 9-KA-20; 11-KA-18.

22,9 %. In one case, a smoothed roller is marked under the oval pits. Hangers are decorated with interpenetrating figures (51.4 %), often separated by rows of shallow pins, shaded ribbons (11.4%), a grid (14.3%), and inclined impressions. The pattern is completed with one or several rows of horizontal lines, prints of a vertically placed short comb stamp. In most cases, the inner surface of the neck is decorated with oblique impressions (68.6 %). These dishes are quite close to the ceramics from the ancient settlement of Karagai-Aul-4.

Vessels with poor ornamentation make up 28.5 % of the total number. As a rule, these are poorly profiled pots with one row of mostly round pits on the neck. Sometimes it is supplemented by one or several rows of teardrop-shaped depressions along the trunk and neck (see Table 3; Fig. 6).

Vessels from the ancient settlement of Karagai-Aul-1 / B are made of molding masses, where the clay part is from 60 to 78 %. Two recipes are identified: clay + sand + chamotte; clay + rock fragments + chamotte. The second one is rare; its main component is talc. Chamotte is represented by fragments of irregular, semi-angular, semi-rolled shape, measuring 0.2-1.2 mm; the content ranges from single grains to 12 %. The sand has mainly quartz-feldspar composition. Grain size 0.05-0.3 mm; content -20-35 % of the section area (see Table. 2; fig. 7).

The vessels were formed using a harness method with butt joints. A tourniquet no more than 1 cm thick was kneaded with my fingers. You can assume knocking out: the dishes have thin walls, dents are fixed on individual fragments from the inside; however, subsequent surface treatment destroyed all the primary traces. The bottoms are cups coiled from a tourniquet: fingerprints of the fingertips are visible on both surfaces. Outside, the bottoms are bumpy and uneven.

The surface of the vessels inside and out is treated with a hard tool-a spatula with an uneven surface.

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working edge with a width of 0.7-1 cm, which left straight parallel risks, creating the impression of processing with a toothed tool. The traces are directed mainly horizontally, and they become disordered towards the bottom of the vessel (Figs. 8, 9).

Archaeologically, a whole vessel was found standing in a pit with the neck facing up. Six items were partially reconstructed, and large fragments from other vessels were also found (Fig. 10).

Products are broad-necked, with slightly convex shoulders, round-bottomed, squat; in large vessels, the bottom part is conical. The average wall thickness is 0.5-0.7 cm. One miniature unornamented jar-shaped vessel has a flat bottom (broken off tray?). The collection includes both small (neck diameter up to 18 cm) and large (neck diameter 26 - 39 cm) specimens. Corollas are mostly flat (77.5 %). Vessels with rounded sections make up 12.6 %, those with outwardly sloping sections - 5.9%, and those with inwardly sloping sections - 3.3%. In most cases, the corollas are decorated with impressions of a smooth stamp (65.6 %), less often - combed and wavy (19.2 and 10.6%, respectively), unornamented 2.6 %. Vessels with straight necks predominate - 74.8 % (of which 35.8% have a well - defined neck and 39.1% have a weakly profiled upper part); with slightly curved ones - 15.2 %, with slightly inclined inwards-5.9 %; - closed vessels - 3.9 %.

Only the upper part of the vessel's surface is ornamented. For drawing patterns, combed (23.1%), wavy (5.2 %) or smooth (11.9 %) stamps were used. Quite often there are impressions of the spatula in the form of a corner (29.8 %) and other forms (15.9%). A mandatory element of ornamentation is a single row of pits (19.2 %) or pearls (80.8%) on the neck. Sometimes this is the only decoration of the vessel, or it is supplemented by a single row of impressions of the corner stamp on the shoulder or in the transition zone from the neck to the shoulder (27.1 %). Patterns in the form of horizontal lines (15.9 %), vertical rows (5.3 %) and inclined ones were applied with combed and wavy stamps

7. Photos of petrographic sections of vessel samples. The ancient settlement of Karagai-Aul-1 / B (round platform). Slash codes: 1-KA1-2; 2-KA1-3; 3-KA1-4; 4-KA1-8; 5-KA1-5; 6-KA1-7; 7-KA1-9.

Fig. 8. Fragment of a vessel made with a harness technique, with traces of processing with a hard tool (1a, 2a). The ancient settlement of Karagai-Aul-1 / B (round platform). 1 - external surface, 2 - internal.

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Fig. 9. Fragment of a vessel made with a harness technique, with traces of processing with a hard tool (1a, 2a). The ancient settlement of Karagai-Aul-1 / B (round platform). 1 - external surface, 2 - internal.

Fig. 10. Ceramics. The ancient settlement of Karagai-Aul-1 / B (round platform). Ciphers of thin sections: 1-KA1-4; 2-KA1-3; 9 - KA1-5; 11-KA1-8; 14-KA1-7.

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(23.1 %) of prints, grids (5.9 %), and intersecting geometric shapes (5.3 %). Vertical zigzags are made with smooth stamp impressions (1.3%). In one case, the ornament is applied with a stick, the prints of which vaguely resemble small amorphous crosses. The transition zone from the neck to the shoulder is decorated with zigzags (7.8 %), rhombuses (0.7 %) made with a comb or smooth stamp, or with one or two (staggered) rows of shallow depressions. In this part of the vessel, a number of brackets are sometimes found (1.9 %), including in combination with shallow depressions of a rounded or triangular shape (see Table 3; Fig. 10).

Ceramics of the ancient settlement Vak-Kur-2. Here, as well as at the ancient settlement of Karagai-Aul-1/A, potters obviously used river or lake outlets of clay materials: small remains of ichthyofauna are recorded in the cement of the sections. The clay part in the molding masses of vessels is 55-65% of the section area. To date, one recipe has been selected: clay + sand + chamotte. Chamotte occupies from 5 to 18 % of the area of the section, represented by irregular, elongated, oval fragments

11. Photos of petrographic sections of vessel samples. Ancient settlement Vak-Kur-2. Ciphers of the sections: 1 - VK-16; 2 - VK-2; 3 - VK-5; 4 - VK-7; 5 - VK-12; 6 - VK-15; 7-VK-14.

12. A fragment of a vessel made with a harness technique, with traces of processing with a hard tool (1a, 2a) and hands. Ancient settlement Vak-Kur-2. 1-external surface; 2 - internal.

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Figure 13. Ceramics. Ancient settlement Vak-Kur-2B (round platform).

14. Ceramics. Ancient settlement Vak-Kur-2B (round platform).

different shades, 0.2 - 1 mm in size. Sand grains of semi-angular, semi-rolled shape, sizes from 0.05 to 0.4 mm make up 22-35% of the section area (see Table. 2; fig. 11).

The method of forming dishes is generally the same as at the ancient settlement of Karagai-Aul-1 / B: end-to-end harnessing with subsequent disbanding. The vessel was assembled in two or three steps, so most of the upper parts were filled with water.-

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15. Ceramics (22-section N VK-2). Ancient settlement Vak-Kur-2 (village).

the thays are separated from the lower ones. The surface was treated with a hard tool-a shovel with an uneven working edge 0.7 - 1 cm wide, the traces of which give the impression of processing with a toothed tool (Fig. 12).

Seven miniature cups with rounded or flattened bottoms were found in the village. One of them is made from a single lump of clay. Modeling was carried out by weight - on both surfaces there are clear fingerprints of the pads of fingers and nails. Another cup is made by patchwork technique.

The complex is represented by thin-walled (4 - 6 mm) round-bottomed (sometimes with a cone-shaped bottom) pots (Figs. 13-15). The diameter of the necks is reconstructed in 60 specimens, among them only in seven it is 11-14 cm, in the rest it varies in the range of 17-35 cm; quantitatively, vessels with a neck diameter from 22 to 30 cm predominate. Pots have slightly convex shoulders and mostly low or medium height straight (63.2 %) slightly bent outwards (13.5 % ), slightly inclined inwards (3.2%) or arched (2.2%) necks. Moreover, the latter were found only in the village. Fragments of poorly profiled containers with a noticeable thickening on the inner side of the neck were also found there. A small number of vessels are represented with a closed shape (11.4 %) and with a straight neck (jar shape) (4.9%). Corollas with a flat section prevail (72.4 %); rounded ones (23.8 %) are somewhat flattened. The corolla section is decorated with notches (66.5%), impressions of smooth (50 %) and combed (7.6 %) stamps.

The ornament is made with combed (21.6 %), wavy (14.6 %) or angular (18.9 %) stamps. Sometimes teardrop-shaped indentations were applied with the angle of the spatula (5.9 %), but more often amorphous indentations, punctures, and notches were made with a sliver or other tool (20%).

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The pattern covers the upper part of the vessels - the neck and shoulders. An obligatory element of the ornament is a row of pits (68.1 %) or pearls (27%); on some pots they alternate (4.9%). The neck pattern is often supplemented with oblique impressions or horizontal lines. The shoulder is dominated by patterns of one or two rows of inclined impressions of a combed or wavy stamp (34.1 %), there are also indentations of various shapes applied in one or several rows (20.5%). Often, in the transition zone or on the shoulder, one row of impressions of the scapula corner is marked (17.3 %). Sometimes there is a grid in the pattern (5.5%). The remaining elements (rows of vertical impressions, columns of horizontal impressions of a short comb stamp, zigzags in one or three rows, interpenetrating figures, a double row of shallow pits, shaded triangles with their vertices facing down, a horizontal herringbone made with impressions of a short comb stamp) are found in isolated cases and make up from 0.5 to 2.2 %. Most of them are recorded on dishes from buildings in the village, which may be due to the large sample size. Some containers with a straight neck are decorated only with a cut of the corollas. Closed-shaped and poorly profiled vessels are also rather poorly ornamented: pits or pearls under the cut, sometimes oblique impressions of a combed or smooth stamp or various shallow indentations are applied below (see Table 3; Figs. 13-15).

In addition to the main ceramic complex described above, a small series of vessels (fragments from 10 items) was obtained during the study of the reinforced part of the Vak-Kur-2, similar in appearance to dishes from the monuments of Karagai-Aul-4 and Karagai-Aul-1/A: with a straight or slightly curved neck and a noticeable thickening of the neck. An admixture of talc (mica?) is visually detected in the test. The upper % of the surface is decorated with an ornament from the impressions of a comb stamp. On one product - a pattern in the form of a rolled wave (or its imitation?) and zigzags made with smooth stamp impressions. The neck is marked mainly with several rows of horizontal lines (in one case - oblique impressions). On the neck - a double row of holes in a staggered order or one or three rows of holes, zigzag. On the shoulder - patterns of interpenetrating shapes, zigzags, several rows of shaded isosceles triangles. Complete the composition with horizontal lines, zigzags, or rhombuses contoured with shallow dimples (see Fig. 13, 1 - 3, 6 - 8, 11, 14 - 16). These dishes are well distinguished typologically, but the analysis of the distribution of fragments over the excavation area did not reveal any features in their occurrence, which allows us to consider them within the same complex.

Conclusion

As follows from the above description of ceramic complexes, the collections from three monuments contain similar ceramics in appearance. We have identified these dishes as Itkul type II. The main area of distribution of the Itkul culture is mainly considered to be the Trans-Urals (Beltikova, 1977, 2005). Systematization of materials of monuments of the Pritobol region revealed approx. 40 sites where fragments or small series of Itkul type II ceramics were found. The greatest concentration of settlements with these ceramics is observed in several microdistricts, which is probably due to their better study: on the shores of the Ipkul-Bayryk lake system, in the interfluve of Tura and Pyshma, Tobol and Tala, Tobol and Iseti.

Comparison of the Itkul type II ceramic complexes with the settlements of the Pritobol region and the eastern slopes of the Urals allows us to conclude that they are identical. Technological, morphological and ornamental features of ceramics completely coincide.

The addition of talc and mica to the ceramic dough of the Pritobolsk tableware, although in smaller quantities, indicates a direct connection with the Ural region. All Itkul vessels of type II have a wide mouth and similar neck diameter values: 28-40 cm in the Trans-Urals, 25-37 cm in the Pritobol region. Thickening at the base of the neck (one of the type-forming features) is also characteristic of dishes from both regions. Itkul vessels from the Trans-Urals have a rounded body and a slightly flattened or cone-shaped bottom (Beltikova, 1977, p. 123). In Pritobolye, there are few reconstructed specimens, which does not allow for a full-fledged comparative analysis of the forms. It can only be noted that most of the vessels have rather convex shoulders, and some containers found on the ancient settlement of Karagai-Aul-4 have a small flat bottom.

There is also a correlation of the main elements of the ornament. Ural vessels are characterized by horizontal lines on the neck, a double row of pits at the transition to the shoulder, interpenetrating figures or differently shaded fields on the shoulder, emphasizing the pattern with horizontal lines, horizontal zigzag, and impressions of a rounded stamp [Ibid., pp. 120-125; Beltikova and Khrushchev, in print]. Combinations of these elements are most often found on dishes from Pritobolye. Two rows of staggered pits, between which a roller often passes (another type-forming feature of type II vessels [Beltikova, 1977, p. 124]), are also present on Itkul ceramics throughout the entire area of the culture area from the eastern slopes of the Urals to the right bank of the Tobol.

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Geometric patterns and isolated cases of using meanders (Karagai-Aul-4) are noted on the Pritobolsk dishes. Perhaps a larger percentage of vessels have a pattern on the inside of the necks. Itkul type II tableware of the Ural region is not characterized by the impressions of a jet stamp, which are present on Itkul vessels from the Pritobol region (from 3.3 to 9.7 %). However, these special features make up a small percentage of the total set of features that characterize the Itkul ceramic complexes of the Lower Part of the Volga region.

In general, it can be noted that the most striking morphological feature of Itkul type II tableware is a low neck with a characteristic thickening. The leading tool for applying an ornament is a comb stamp. The general set of elements that make up ornamental compositions is horizontal and inclined lines, interpenetrating figures, zigzags from stamp impressions, rows of pits, often double at the base of the neck. The similarity of the forms and ornamentation of Itkul type II tableware with the monuments of the Lower part of the Volga and Trans-Ural regions allows us to consider these complexes within the same culture. The monuments where such ceramics were found were attributed to the Itkul stage of the eastern version of the Itkul culture.

Itkul ceramics of both type II and type I are represented in the materials of the Trans-Urals (in different proportions) [Ibid., pp. 120-124]. In the Lower part of the Itkul region, the eastern variant of the Itkul culture does not contain type I ceramics. Only type II tableware was found at the base settlement of Karagai-Aul-4. Two other monuments of the Yurtobor microdistrict - Karagai-Aul-1 and Vak-Kur-2-have also been found to contain ceramics similar in appearance to the Early Iron Age Baitovskaya. In publications, this type was called the "forest" Baitovsky type (Zakh and Zimina, 2001, p. 148). However, both the Karagai-Aul and Vak-Kurov ceramic complexes differ in their characteristics from both forest-steppe and" forest " Baitovo ceramics, and also have some differences between them. In the Karagai-Aul type, we conditionally allocate ceramics from the site Karagai-Aul-1/B. The main ceramic complex of the ancient settlement Vak-Kur-2 belongs to the Vak-Kurov type. It shares the features of continuity with the Karagai-Aul type, but at the same time it reflects the further development of the features of ceramics of the Itkul II and Karagai-Aul types.

Although two sites of the ancient settlement Karagai-Aul-1 existed simultaneously, which is established on the basis of analysis of planigraphy, housing construction and radiocarbon dates, there is a certain peculiarity in the appearance of ceramic complexes. Despite the close resemblance to ceramics from the ancient settlement of Karagai-Aul-4, some vessels from the site of Karagai-Aul-1 / A have straight, without thickening of the neck or a weakly profiled upper part. There are no dishes with a small flattened bottom. If the ceramics from the ancient settlement of Karagai-Aul-4 are clearly dominated by the impressions of a comb stamp, then on the dishes from the site of Karagai-Aul-1 / A, the specific weight of wavy patterns and teardrop indentations is higher. A case was recorded when pearls that are not typical of the Itkul tradition were applied on a vessel with a typical Itkul composition under the corolla section above a number of double pits. Vessels with poor ornamentation were identified. The ceramic dough does not contain talc, the addition of which was typical for the Itkul stage, the main impurities are sand and chamotte.

The Karagai-Aul-1 / B complex represents a different type of ceramic tradition. The shape of the vessels is generally similar to that of Itkul - rather squat and broad-necked, but more thin-walled, with approximately the same wall thickness at all points. The ornament on the dishes is sparse, applied mainly with a comb stamp, sometimes wavy (fine-jet) or a stamp in the form of a corner. Attention is drawn to the predominance of pearls (80 %) in the ornamentation of dishes - as is known, the dominant element of the pattern on the ceramics of the Barkhatov complexes of the Pritobolye (late (Krasnogorsk) stage) [Matveev and Anoshko, 2001, p.31]. In general, the methods of drawing and the main elements of the pattern find analogies in the Baitovo culture of the forest-steppe region of the Upper Volga region (Matveeva, 1989). However, some of them - several rows of horizontal lines on the neck, rows of staggered indentations in the transition zone from the neck to the shoulder, interpenetrating figures-are characteristic of Itkul ornamentation.

The main part of the ware from the Vak-Kur-2 ancient settlement shows a great similarity with the ceramic complex Karagai-Aul-1 / B. Vak-Kurov ceramics, as well as Karagai-Aul ceramics, are thin - walled, with a low sand content. Vessels are well and poorly profiled, with a low or medium-high neck, round-bottomed. Large specimens are somewhat narrowed in the bottom part. On average, up to 30% of dishes in the complexes are decorated only with pits or pearls along the neck and a number of impressions of the corner, or with one or several (usually up to three) rows of indentations (often amorphous) on the hanger. On the other vessels, the pattern consists of a combination of pits or pearls and rows of inclined impressions of a comb stamp on the neck and one or two rows of differently inclined impressions of a comb stamp on the shoulder. Much less common are more complex ornamental motifs consisting of various combinations of interpenetrating figures, zigzags, and rhombs.-

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bic grid, staggered indentations. The differences between the Vak-Kurov and Karagai-Aul complexes are insignificant: more Vak-Kurov vessels are ornamented with a wavy stamp (13.8 % versus 5.3 % in the Karagai-Aul-1/B complex), pits are more common on the neck (70.2 and 19.2%, respectively) than pearls (30.2 and 80.8%)., their alternation is noted on dishes from the Vak-Kur-2 settlement, but is absent on Karagai-aulskaya. With similar morphological characteristics of ceramics, vessels with arched necks were found only in the Vak-Kurov complex (3.1 %) and only in selishche.

Only in the dwelling in the fortified part of the monument (Vak-Kur-2/B), along with Vak-Kurov vessels, vessels of the Itkul appearance were found. In the two structures studied in the village, such ceramics were not recorded. Here, only some poorly profiled vessels, decorated with pearls or pits under the corolla, have a thickening on the inner side of the neck. On other vessels of the Vak-Kurov complex, the Itkul tradition is already presented in a revised form: only certain elements of ornamentation are preserved - patterns made with a wavy stamp, lines from horizontal impressions of a comb on the neck, rows of double shallow depressions, interpenetrating figures. Perhaps this situation reflects the chronological difference between the fortified and non-fortified parts of the settlement.

Thus, the monuments of the Lower part of the Volga region were included in the area of the Itkul culture on the basis of the presence of type II ceramics. The identification of stages of the eastern local variant turned out to be possible as a result of the discovery of single-layer hillforts in the Yurtoborovsky microdistrict. Their research made it possible to establish the chronology and trace the dynamics of the Itkul cultural stereotype in the territory of the Lower part of the Volga region, its gradual transformation and replacement by the Baitovo one.

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Beltikova G. V. Itkul settlements // Archaeological research in the Urals and Western Siberia. Sverdlovsk: Ural State University Press, 1977, pp. 119-133.

Beltikova G. V. Sreda formirovaniya i pamyatniki zauralskogo (itkulskogo) ochaga metallurgii [Formation environment and monuments of the Trans-Ural (Itkulsky) hearth of metallurgy]. Yekaterinburg: Ural Publishing House, State University, 2005, pp. 162-186.

Beltikova G. V., Khrushcheva N. V. Ceramics of the Itkul culture. Vol. of the State University (in print).

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Zakh V. A., Zimina O. Yu. O areale itkul'skoy kul'tury [About the area of Itkul culture]. Tyumen: IPOS SB RAS Publishing House, 2004, issue 4, pp. 103-106.

Zimina O. Yu.Mesto gorodishcha Vak-Kur-2 sredei pamyatnikovakh perekhodnogo vremeni i rannego zheleznogo veka Nizhni Pritobol'ya [Place of the ancient settlement Vak-Kur-2 among the monuments of the transitional time and Early Iron Age of the Lower Part of the Volga Region]. Tyumen: IPOS SB RAS Publishing House, 2002, pp. 62-71.

Zimina O. Yu. Issledovanie gorodishche Karagay-Aul-1 v Nizhni Pritobolye [Research of the ancient settlement of Karagay-Aul-1 in the Lower part of the Volga region]. Tyumen: IPOS SB RAS Publishing House, 2004a, No. 5, pp. 38-50.

Zimina O. Y. Issledovanie pamyatnikov perekhodnogo vremeni ot bronzy k zhelezu v Nizhni Pritobol'e v 2001 - 2003 gg. [Study of monuments of transition time from Bronze to Iron in the Lower part of the Volga Region in 2001-2003]. Tyumen: IPOS SB RAS Publishing House, 20046, No. 5, pp. 201-203.

Matveev A.V., Anoshko O. M. K probleme khronologicheskoi differentiatsii barkhatovskikh drevnostey [On the problem of chronological differentiation of Barkhatov antiquities]. Tyumen: IPOS SB RAS, 2001, issue 2, pp. 29-32.

Matveeva N. I. Nachalny etap rannego zheleznogo veka v Tobolo-Ishimskoy lesostepi [The initial stage of the Early Iron Age in the Tobolo-Ishim forest-steppe]. Tyumen: Publishing House of the Tyumen State University, 1989, pp. 77-102.

Pomus M. I. Western Siberia: (Economic and geographical characteristics). - M.: State Publishing House of Geographical Literature, 1956. -643 p.

Salnikov K. V. Itkul culture: (On the question of the "Trans-Ural ananyin") / / Local history, zap. Chelyabinsk region local historian, museum. Chelyabinsk, 1962, issue 1, pp. 21-46.

Fiziko-geograficheskoe zoning Tyumenskoi oblasti [Physical and geographical zoning of the Tyumen region], edited by N. A. Gvozdetsky, Moscow: Publishing House of Moscow State University, 1973, 246 p.

The article was submitted to the Editorial Board on 20.06.06.

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