South-East Asia (SE) is rightly considered one of the most dynamically developing regions of the planet. The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries of Southeast Asia, with a population of more than 500 million and a GDP comparable to that of China, have recently begun to play an increasingly prominent role in the system of international relations. In addition, the so-called "strait zones" of Southeast Asia (the Straits of Malacca, Makassar, as well as the Straits of the Sunda Archipelago) pass through international sea communications from Europe, the Middle East and Africa to the Far East and the United States, which are of strategic importance. Their importance is explained, in particular, by the fact that about 70% of all crude oil and other energy carriers imported by Japan, China and the Republic of Korea are delivered by sea through the waters of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is also home to important U.S. sea and air routes to South Asia and the Middle East. Therefore, the political climate not only here, but also around the world, largely depends on stability in this region.

However, it is difficult to classify Southeast Asia as one of the most stable regions on the planet. As Russian Foreign Minister Igor Ivanov stated in his speech at the 10th session of the Asean Regional Forum (ARF) on security issues in 2003: "... the current situation in the Asia-Pacific region (including Southeast Asia) is generally stable, although complex." ¹ . This is due to both historical reasons and the reasons caused by the growing dynamics of economic development. Historical reasons include the fact that the states of the region belonging to the former colonies were created by metropolises without taking into account the historically formed communities of individual territories, and the borders between them were often drawn arbitrarily, in favor of the political or military situation that existed at a particular time. In addition, during the Cold War, some Southeast Asian countries, which were on opposite sides of the barricades, still experience a certain mutual distrust.

The economic reasons for the potential conflict in this region include the processes associated with globalization, the liberalization of markets and the penetration of large Western capital into them. Speaking at the summit of the Non-Aligned Movement held in Kuala Lumpur at the end of February 2003, Malaysian Prime Minister M. Mahathir, one of the most respected leaders of Southeast Asia, said: "Having got rid of the need to compete with the communists, the capitalist free traders have stopped showing a friendly face. Their greed knows no bounds. They would like the countries that fought hard for independence to give up their independence and their own borders, and thus allow the capitalists free and unrestricted access to their economies. And this is what they call free competition!.." ²

The correctness of the famous Asian leader is also confirmed by the statements of major European politicians. Thus, Helmut Schmidt (German Chancellor in 1974-1982), Honorary Chairman of the Council of Former Heads of State and Government, in his lecture delivered at the Council meeting in Berlin in 2002, noted that "...the United States, the European Union and Japan are pursuing extremely selfish policies today. By forcing developing countries to open up their markets, they promote free trade, while taking unprecedented measures to protect the interests of their own farmers, steelworkers, and farmers.

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etc. from external competitors. Many countries succumbed to persuasion, opened their economies to short-term lending from outside, and liberalized their current accounts. As a result, these states became an arena for all sorts of foreign speculators and burdened themselves with external debt." ³

It should also be taken into account that countries with rapidly developing economies are characterized by the emergence of internal social contradictions caused by a sharp differentiation in the living standards of the population. Such processes are most painful in multi-ethnic, multi-confessional States with an unstable system of power and governance.

In addition, it is important to keep in mind that Southeast Asian countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines are home to a fifth of the world's Muslim population, and Indonesia is the largest Islamic State. At the same time, other countries of the region, as well as their immediate surroundings, are populated by representatives of other faiths, which, by the way, are widely represented in these three countries. Therefore, inter-religious confrontation in some Southeast Asian countries is also one of the reasons for their internal instability and leads to an increase in the level of conflict in the entire region.

Let's look at the characteristic features of conflicts inherent in South-East Asia at the present time. They can be roughly divided into four groups: interregional, region-wide, interstate, and intrastate.

INTER-REGIONAL CONFLICTS are conflicts whose consequences can destabilize the situation not only in this region, but also in other regions of the world. These are primarily conflicts related to the fight against international terrorism.

The main goal of terrorist organizations operating in Southeast Asia is to create a pan-Islamic state in the territories of modern Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. The main terrorist organizations that pursue these goals and, according to some sources, have close ties with international terrorist organizations operating in other parts of the world, first of all, include Jama'a al-Islamiya (Indonesia) and the Abu Sayaf group (Philippines) ^.4 These organizations are actively engaged in terrorist activities, which are expressed in repeated explosions that claim the lives of dozens or even hundreds of people. The most significant recent incidents were the Bali Island (Indonesia) in October 2002, a series of bombings in various parts of the Philippines in 2002, and the Indonesian capital Jakarta in August 2003. Terrorist killings and kidnappings of people, mostly foreigners, are not uncommon.

All Southeast Asian States declared their commitment to the fight against international terrorism immediately after the events and in September 2001, more than 100 terrorists were arrested in Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and the Philippines. At the initiative of Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines, a Regional counterterrorism center was established in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, and other countries in the region participate in its work. The Asean Regional Forum (ARF) adopted the Declaration on Financial Measures to Counter Terrorism (2002), the ARF Statement on Counterterrorism Cooperation in Border Security (2003), and signed Declarations with the United States, Russia, and China on Security and counterterrorism cooperation.

However, it should be noted that the fight against international terrorism in Southeast Asia has a number of features that cannot but affect its results. Thus, while recognizing the general commitment of States in the region to counterterrorism and signing a joint declaration with them on this issue, the United States basically continues to rely only on its long-standing allies-the Philippines and Thailand. ⁵ At the same time, Washington experts unanimously accuse, for example, the Indonesian authorities of direct connivance with Islamic radicals. Jakarta, in their opinion, only pretends to fight terror as part of the coalition. In fact, they argue, the government of Megawati Sukarnoputri tolerates the presence of terrorists in the country and ignores numerous warnings from Western intelligence agencies ^.6 Admiral Thomas B. Fargo, Commander-in-Chief of US Forces in the Pacific, emphasizes that the United States is committed to expanding and deepening cooperation with Indonesia in the fight against terrorism at all levels: "Indonesia faces a difficult problem - there are certain circles that do not want to actively investigate the activities of groups that sympathize with Al-Qaeda in Indonesia. ⁷ .

Along with this, one should also take into account the fact that the majority of the population of Indonesia and Malaysia condemned the conduct of US military operations in Afghanistan and Iraq, as evidenced by mass anti-American demonstrations in these countries. Malaysia's Prime Minister Mahathir Mohammad has openly stated that the true reality of our time is that poor countries are oppressed and "terrorized" by rich countries.: "After 9/11, the rich and powerful hated the poor half of the world. By taking extreme measures to ensure their own safety, they have only increased the anger of the oppressed and the poor. They no longer recognize borders, international law, or even simple moral values. And now they are openly talking about wars, about IP-

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using military seizures to change governments. They don't even hesitate to talk about the use of nuclear weapons. Clearly, this is not just a war against terrorism. In fact, this is a war for world domination, i.e. for peace, which will have a completely different color. " ⁸

In addition, when considering the problem of combating international terrorism in Southeast Asia, it is necessary to take into account the contradictions between States within the region caused by a certain mutual distrust. It is for these reasons that the Philippines turned to the United States rather than Singapore for logistical and expert assistance when it realized that its army was ill-equipped to deal with the Abu Sayyaf group fighting in the jungle. Although Singapore, their neighbor and partner in ASEAN, has the most modern army in the region, which has basically the same combat capabilities as the US army, and could well provide the necessary assistance. In some cases, these contradictions are also indirectly confirmed by the very nature of terrorist activities. So, the explosion on the island of Bali, was mainly directed against Australian tourists as revenge for the introduction of a military contingent of this state in Christian East Timor.

REGIONAL CONFLICTS

These include conflicts involving a significant group of States in the region. The main ones are conflicts related to the fight against piracy at sea, as well as disputes over the Spratly Islands in the South China Sea.

As mentioned above, international strategic sea routes run through Southeast Asia, along which tens of thousands of ships pass annually (from 200 to 600 every day), which makes this area very attractive for modern pirates. Attacks on naval vessels cause significant economic damage to States that use sea lanes to transport commercial cargo. According to US government sources, direct financial damage from piracy on the high seas is estimated at an average of $ 450 million annually. ⁹ Almost all types of ships are attacked, from large - capacity tankers, bulk carriers, container ships to passenger ships and yachts. There is a risk of significant damage to the marine environment and coastal countries in the event of attacks on ships carrying environmentally hazardous cargo. There is an increasing brutality of pirates and, accordingly, an increase in the death toll.

Pirates are stepping up their activities. Thus, according to the report of the Analytical Center on Piracy of the International Maritime Bureau, in 1999, 300 cases of piracy were registered in the world, which is 3 times more than in 1991. In 2000, 469 cases were registered - this is 56% more than in 1999.10 In 2001, there were

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335 ¹¹, and in 2002 - 370 ¹² cases of attacks on ships in the world. Moreover, according to experts, it becomes known only about every third case. Overall, the number of pirate attacks on civilian vessels more than doubled between 1991 and 2002. At the same time, the Asia - Pacific region stands out, which accounted for more than 2/3 of piracy acts in the world in the 1990s.

In Southeast Asia, piracy is characterized by the fact that most acts occur in areas of the international Straits of Malacca and Singapore within the territorial or archipelagic waters of Malaysia, Indonesia or Singapore. A significant number of attacks on ships are also carried out in areas of disputed jurisdiction, especially in the South China Sea. This circumstance significantly complicates the fight against piracy.

In the South China and East China Seas, especially in the Senkaku Island area, pirate activity is not least due to the fact that under the guise of combating drug smuggling, the Chinese Maritime Police were simply engaged in robbery, passing off this fact as the work of pirates.

The ASEAN countries seek to increase the level of cooperation in the fight against piracy by strengthening the coordination of the activities of the coast Guard, naval forces of States, information exchange and other activities. The 10th ARF session in 2003 adopted a Statement on Cooperation in Combating Piracy and Other Threats to Maritime Security. Joint patrols of ships and boats of the Coast Guard, maritime Police, customs Service and the Navy of Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia and the Philippines in the strait zone were introduced, and an agreement was signed on the possibility of pursuing pirates in each other's territorial waters.

In October 1992, the International Maritime Bureau of the International Chamber of Commerce, with the support of the United Nations International Maritime Organization, established a Regional Center on Piracy in Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia), which was later renamed the Analytical Center on Piracy. It collects and analyzes information on a global scale, searches for missing ships, seeks to punish criminals and return cargo to its owners, notifies ships about pirate attacks around the clock, and organizes assistance to injured ships.

Japan, as one of the regional leaders, is a major shipping power in the world, and it is also very dependent on the use of the sea, provides great assistance to the Southeast Asian countries in the fight against piracy. Back in October 1987, the Japan Institute of Defense Studies proposed the concept of "Ocean Peacemaking", which also covers the issues of combating piracy. Japan has repeatedly offered and sent ships of the coastal defense forces and naval forces for joint patrols in the zones of international straits.

The United States also retains its traditional influence on all security processes in the region. American efforts as

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The fight against piracy is also affected by the presence of the US Navy in Southeast Asia. So, the American 7th Fleet, together with Indian ships, began a joint patrol of the northwestern part of the Strait of Malacca. Subsequently, Delhi intends to have a permanent group of ships in the Andaman Sea13 .

Thus, the problem of piracy remains one of the most pressing aspects affecting commercial shipping in Southeast Asia, as well as the state of regional security. Successful counteraction and fight against piracy today is simply impossible without the development of regional cooperation and coordination of the efforts of the international community. The problem of combating piracy is even more relevant due to its potential relationship with international terrorism.

Another region-wide conflict in South-East Asia is the Spratly Islands dispute. The unofficial name "Spratly Islands" includes several hundred islands, islets, atolls, reefs and shallow banks located in the water area of about 250 thousand square kilometers.Most of them until recently, and some of them today, are uninhabited. With the maximum size of the exclusive economic zone of 200 nautical miles, which is approximately 370 km, more than half of the islands, atolls and reefs of the Spratly Archipelago seem to fall into the economic zones of the Philippines, Malaysia and Brunei. The rest are located in the open part of the South China Sea - in its so-called "blue zone".

Undoubtedly, the conflict of interests of the countries involved in the dispute over the Spratly Islands is based primarily on economic interests. Large deposits of oil and natural gas are expected in this area. According to various estimates, oil reserves here can reach up to 225 billion rubles. 280 billion cubic meters of gas per barrel ¹⁴ . The most important sea trade routes also pass through here. In addition, these islands may also be of military and strategic importance.

Brunei, China, Malaysia, the Philippines and Vietnam are taking part in the dispute over the Spratly Islands. Taiwan also expresses its interest in the islands. Active operations around the islands began after the withdrawal of groups of the US armed forces from the area. At the same time, China initiated the aggravation of the situation around the islands. Already in 1988, the Chinese Navy occupied six atolls and reefs in the area, sinking two Vietnamese warships in the process. The PRC aviation periodically flew over the territorial waters of the Philippines, and units of the Chinese Armed Forces on the islands occupied by them opened fire on patrol vessels and aircraft of other states approaching them.

This development prompted the ASEAN States to adopt the Manila Declaration on the South China Sea in 1992, which called for the peaceful settlement of territorial disputes and cooperation to guarantee freedom of navigation and other forms of security cooperation. The ASEAN member States also agreed on the feasibility of adopting a "code of conduct" in the region. To this end, the Philippines submitted a draft of such a document on behalf of ASEAN in August 1999, and China issued its own version in October of the same year. Both drafts were submitted for consideration at the ASEAN-China meeting held in Manila in November 1999, but neither was adopted.

Currently, the dispute over the islands of the South China Sea has turned from a territorial conflict within a separate region into a major international problem. China's expansion in this area can have a serious impact on the strategic balance of power in Southeast Asia, which causes concern not only for the countries of the region, but also for such maritime powers as the United States and Japan. As a result, this conflict is not resolved, but only frozen. Moreover, this state is recorded in recent regional documents. Thus, in the Declaration on Cooperation in Combating Piracy and Other Threats to Maritime Security adopted by the Southeast Asian States at the 10th ARF session in 2003, paragraph 11 states:: "Nothing in this declaration, or any action or activity carried out in accordance with it, should prejudice the position of the ARF countries regarding unresolved disputes over sovereignty and other territorial rights." ¹⁵

INTER-STATE CONFLICTS

In South-East Asia, they are primarily caused by the arbitrary establishment of borders between former colonies, as well as the consequences of the Cold War. The most significant of these include the conflict between China and Vietnam over the Paracel Islands (Taiwan also claims them), disputes between the Philippines and Malaysia over the province of Sabah (Malaysia), and between Indonesia and Malaysia over the islands of Sipadan and Ligitan.

It should be noted that interstate conflicts between the countries of the region have recently been resolved mainly in a peaceful, civilized way. This is due to the fact that the overwhelming majority of Southeast Asian countries are members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, whose statutory goals, as defined in the Bangkok Declaration on its establishment, are: to promote the development of socio-economic and cultural cooperation of its member countries, as well as to strengthen peace and stability in Southeast Asia. As a consequence of such State policies

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The result was an almost peaceful resolution of the problem of granting independence to East Timor (which has been occupied by Indonesia since 1976), as well as the solution of border problems between Vietnam and Cambodia.

At the same time, it is worth noting the role of China in Southeast Asia after the withdrawal of large US armed formations from the region. The Chinese leadership has consistently demonstrated a high willingness to use force to solve both its" main national task " (according to the Constitution of the People's Republic of China) - to annex Taiwan, and other controversial issues. Among the facts confirming this, we highlight the following::

* 1974-capture of the Paracel Islands.

* 1988-establishment of control over six reefs of the Spratly Archipelago, armed clash of the Chinese and Vietnamese Navies.

* 1992-adoption of the Law on the territorial waters of the country, which proclaimed China's rights to the occupied territories. The Chinese army has been granted the right to use force to protect national territorial waters, including disputed areas.

* 1992-deployment of exploration activities in the disputed area of the Gulf of Tonkin by Vietnam and a statement of readiness, if necessary, to use the Navy to ensure the safety of their conduct.

* 1995-China attempted to establish control over Mischief Reef in the sector of the archipelago claimed by the Philippines, armed confrontation between the Chinese and Philippine Navies16 .

However, China has recently changed its tactics in dealing with controversial issues. The Chinese leadership constantly declares that it is ready to compromise and seek solutions at the negotiating table. This situation is due both to the growing influence of ASEAN not only in the Southeast Asian region, but also in international relations in general, and to the possible economic damage to China in the case of military solutions. In November 2002, a joint Statement on cooperation between ASEAN and China on countering "non-traditional" security threats (terrorism, drug trafficking, arms and human trafficking, criminal money laundering) was adopted. In addition, the parties expressed their mutual readiness to continue consultations on the peaceful resolution of disputed issues in the South China Sea. After Vietnam's accession to ASEAN in 1995, the Treaty on the Land Border between China and Vietnam and the Agreement on the Demarcation of the Maritime Border between China and Vietnam in the Gulf ^of Tonkin17 were signed . Relations between China and the Philippines are normalizing. According to Philippine President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, "... Philippine-Chinese relations are generally at a very good level. " ¹⁸ In addition, an analysis of the events of the early twenty-first century suggests that China's policy in Southeast Asia has shifted from the military plane to the plane of economic expansion. In the future, the creation of a free trade zone in the region by 2010, as well as China's membership in the WTO, will greatly contribute to this ¹⁹ .

INTRA-STATE CONFLICTS in Southeast Asian countries are primarily the result of separatist sentiments in some provinces, as well as inter-religious conflicts. The most problematic countries in this regard include Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines.

Indonesia. In this huge state, located on 13,700 islands, there is a "fusion" of about 300 ethnic groups, including more than 240 million people. They speak many languages and dialects and profess Islam (84% of the population), Christianity (6%), Buddhism (3%) and Hinduism (2%), while 5% remain pagan altogether. ²⁰ The long history of violence in Indonesia, the limited material resources of the Indonesian state, as well as the limited ability of national policy to influence the forces involved in local conflicts suggest that the country's further development will be accompanied by serious risks to the country's development.-

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conflicts and crises. After the fall of President Suharto's regime in 1998, which united the country in a Bismarckian way - "with iron and blood" - violence of a large scale took place in five of its regions (Aceh, Papua, Ambon-Moluccas, Sulawesi, Kalimantan). The most violent clashes took place in the provinces of Aceh and Ambon-Moluccas. According to various estimates, between 5 and 9 thousand people have been killed in clashes between Muslim and Protestant communities in Ambon-Moluccas province since 1998. ²¹

Although the causes and forms of conflict differ significantly, they are largely united by criticism of Jakarta's centralism. It blames Java's dominance outside the island, its lack of consideration for ethnic and religious identity, and the distribution of natural resource export revenues to the disadvantage of other Indonesian islands, even though these islands generate at least 70% of export revenues and account for 85% of Indonesia's industry and energy potential. The largest separatist organizations in Indonesia, in addition to the international terrorist organization "Jama'a al-Islamiya", include the "Free Aceh Movement", "Front for the Sovereignty of the Moluccas", "Irian Jaya" (movement for the sovereignty of West Papua).

The second major cause of conflict in Indonesia is religious in nature. In a country where 84% of the population is Muslim, there are organizations whose goal is to bring the number of believers to 100%. These organizations include Laskar Jihad and the Islamic Youth Movement. In this context, it is extremely important for the Indonesian Government to determine the role of Islam - the majority religion of the population-in the system of State power. The resurgence of the Islamic religion as an important component of ideology is causing concern among Christians and Chinese, who make up a small percentage of the population but control, according to various sources, between 50 and 70% of the country's capital. ²² Segmentation along religious lines (separation of Buddhist-Hindu Bali, semi-Christian Ambon) would lead to fragmentation at a smaller level, which would undermine the unity of Indonesia.

Malaysia. Of the three above-mentioned countries, it is the most prosperous, although it is in a high-risk area. About 20 years ago, people came to power in this country who proposed a reform program that included three components: radical secular nationalism, a cult of economic growth, and a policy of maintaining economic independence. According to the government's plan, known as "20/20", in 2020 the country should enter the top twenty world leaders - and there is every reason to believe that it will succeed. ²³

However, all this does not mean that there are no prerequisites for serious conflicts in Malaysia. They can be based on the recent growth of sentiments typical of the manifestations of "radical Islamism". Moreover, the country's Prime Minister M. Mahathir considers Islamic fundamentalism to be the main threat to the future prosperity of Malaysia ^.24 However, the main opposition party (the All-Malaysian Islamic Party) has recently used the word "jihad" quite often. The country's Chinese and Hindu populations are seriously afraid of the introduction of Islamic rule, as happened in the two states of Terengganu and Kelantan, where, after winning elections in 1999, Islamists introduced Sharia rules to restrict communication between men and women, to the displeasure of non-Muslims.

In addition, the anti-Western statements of the Prime Minister, who is highly respected in the Muslim world, lead to increased tensions in Malaysia's relations with Western countries, as well as to an increase in anti-Western sentiment within the country. For example, in May 2003, the US State Department issued a warning to Americans who were living or traveling in Malaysia that their lives were under constant threat from extremist groups operating in this region of South - East Asia ^.25 Of course, the main reason for the current situation is that the economy is growing too fast, which creates a lot of social problems.

Philippines. In addition to the fight against international terrorism in the face of the Abu Sayaf group, the main internal conflicts that are currently inherent in the Philippines include Islamic separatism and the actions of extremist organizations of the left-wing radical persuasion. Islamic separatists united in the Moro National Liberation Front have been fighting government forces for years for autonomy in the Muslim-majority south of the country. In 1996, after the signing of a truce, the militants were accepted under the banner of the government army and sent to fight against the Abu Sayaf group, which advocates the creation of an independent state for Philippine Muslims. Recently, however, some front leaders have openly expressed their support for Abu Sayyaf and their willingness to cooperate with it ^.26

The main left-wing extremist organization in the Philippines is the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPF)/New People's Army (NPA). The Communist Party as a Maoist group was founded in 1969 with the aim of overthrowing the ruler of the country.-

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the Philippines through guerrilla warfare. The CPP's military wing, the New People's Army, strongly opposes any U.S. presence in the Philippines and kills American citizens stationed there. The group also killed, injured or abducted many Filipino citizens, including government officials. In 2002, the United States ^added the KPF/NPA to the list of foreign terrorist organizations27 .

Given the insufficient strength of the state's armed forces in the fight against extremists and international terrorists, the Philippine government relies primarily on its long - standing ally, the United States. So, in 2002, a long-term joint exercise was held between the US special forces and local military units, the main purpose of which was to train 3.8 thousand Filipino soldiers in the ways and methods of anti-terrorist struggle. Moreover, as early as October 2001, the Philippines was included in the list of countries where the United States intended to continue its anti-terrorist campaign ^.28

Manila also seeks to make full use of the opportunities of its ASEAN partners. The country became a founding member of the Regional Counterterrorism Center, and joint Philippine-Malaysian military police operations were conducted in the southern Philippines to locate and release hostages ^.29

Thus, the situation in South-East Asia, with its external stability, is characterized by rather serious external and internal contradictions, which serve as the basis for armed conflicts in the region. However, it should be noted that unresolved regional and inter-State problems, as well as the recent desire of many Southeast Asian states to strengthen their military power, coupled with increasing economic power, may lead to an increase in tension in the near future. Therefore, it is difficult to overestimate the importance of such a regional organization as ASEAN, the ARF and other international organizations established under its auspices in preserving regional stability.

KEY FINDINGS

1. The seemingly stable situation in Southeast Asia today has certain prerequisites for the emergence of regional and international conflicts, primarily caused by the fight against international terrorism and piracy, Islamic fundamentalism and separatism. Such conflicts could lead not only to great bloodshed and military actions on the part of the United States and its allies, and therefore to an aggravation of the entire international situation, but also to a possible undermining of the unity of some states in the region.

2.In the foreseeable future, conflict situations may arise in the region due to the growing economic expansion of China, the United States and Japan in the Southeast Asian countries.

3. The unresolved problem of the South China Sea islands, the" moral readiness " of the PRC to resolve them by force, as well as the growing economic and military power of individual ASEAN states could lead to armed clashes in the region with the participation of other states of the world.

4. The foundation of stability in the region and the guarantor of peaceful resolution of emerging problems are the activities of ASEAN and its international organizations, primarily the ARF.

-----

¹ Materials of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation No. 1421 of 18.06.03.

² " The whole world lives in fear." Muslim Information and Analytical Channel, 09.06.03.

^{Schmidt G.} 3 The burden of global responsibility. European view on the prospects for universal development. "Russia in Global Politics", No. 1, November / December 2002.

⁴ The names of terrorist organizations are listed here and below according to the list from the US State Department report "Global Terrorism in 2002". Proceedings of the U.S. Department of State's Office of International Information Programs (OMIP), April 2003.

⁵ See Speech by U.S. Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs J. P. Morgan Kelly on the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. Materials of the OMIP of the US State Department, 28.03.03.

^{Abarinov V.} 6 The train goes to the east, Grani.<url>, 15.10.02.

⁷ See T. Fargo's speech to the Senate Armed Services Committee. Materials of the OMIP of the US State Department, 13.03.03.

⁸ " The whole world lives in fear." Muslim Information and Analytical Channel, 09.06.03.

^{Rezyapov N.} 9 Pirates of the XXI century: The fight against them is possible only with the coordination of the efforts of the international community. Moscow, 2002.

¹⁰ Ibid.

¹¹ "Organized Crime Takes to the High Sas, ICC Piracy Report Finds", Kuala Lumpur, 4 February 2002.

¹² "High Sas Terrorism Alert in Piracy Rport" by the ICC International Maritime Bureau (IMB), London, 29 January 2003.

^{Rezyapov N.} 13 Decree op.

^{Marchukov V.} 14 Spratly Islands and Security issues in South-East Asia, Moscow, IDV RAS, 2002.

¹⁵ "ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) Statement on Cooperation in Combating Piracy and Other Threats at Sea". Materials of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, N1418, 17.06.03.

^{Rezyapov N.} 16 Fleet vs Fleet, "Independent Military Review", N27 of 08.08.03.

¹⁷ "People's Daily", 03.12.01.

¹⁸ Xinhua News Agency, 28.10.01.

¹⁹ Press Statement by the Chairman of the 8th ASEAN Summit, the 6th ASEAN + 3 summit and the ASEAN-China Summit, Phnom Penh, Cambodia, 4 November, 2002.

^{Pastukhov E.} 20 The Test of Democracy, Kontinent, No. 3, 2001.

^{Slobodin A.} 21 Exemplary Reconciliation Collapsed, Vremya Novostei, 29.04.02.

^{Pastukhov E.} 22 The test of democracy...

^{Krylov K.} 23 New enemies of the free world, СМИ.ги, 12.10.01 g. ²⁴ Lomanov A. Malaysians persuaded Mahathir to stay, "Vremya novostei", 24.06.02 g.

²⁵ Site materials "Terrorism.ru", 15.05.03.

²⁶ "Mutiny in the Philippines", BBC, 19.11.01.

²⁷ Materials of the OMIP of the US State Department, 09.08.02.

²⁸ "The US made it to the Philippines", СМИ.ги, 31.01.02

^{Sereda M. 29 Filipino thugs, "Mirror of} the Week", No. 18, 2000.

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