Translators post horses of enlightenment.

AS. Pushkin.

The article is devoted to contacts between Russia and Malaysia in the field of publishing fiction. Mutual acquaintance of the two peoples through translations of works by Russian and Malaysian writers helps to strengthen mutual understanding and friendship between them. There are significantly more Russian translations from Malay than from Russian to Malay.

Keywords: Russian fiction, Malay literature, National Translation Institute of Malaysia, literary translation technique.

Prior to 1957, present-day Malaysia was part of the British colonial Empire, and English was the main medium of business and official communication at all levels. European-style schooling for indigenous people was very limited, and translations into Malay were almost nonexistent, apart from utilitarian or educational ones. Only a narrow stratum of the population that mastered English had the opportunity to get acquainted with the world, including Russian, literature based on English translations.

With independence, Malay became the official national language of the country. The task was set for 20 years to translate teaching in all schools and newly created higher educational institutions into this language. In this regard, books from foreign languages were widely translated, although mostly educational ones. No special program for translating fiction has been developed. Such transfers were carried out sporadically through the efforts of individual enthusiasts. Examples include the collection of short stories by Leo Tolstoy "The Worker Emelyan and the Empty Drum and Other Fairy Tales "(1958, second edition 1961), and the novel "First Love" by I. S. Turgenev (1961), translated by the initiator of the creation and then chairman of the literary association "Generation of Pentecostal Writers" (ASAS 50)1 Asrafa.

I must say that by this time translations of Russian literature were already being actively published in neighboring Indonesia. They came to Malaysia, and due to the proximity of Malay and Indonesian, they were also available to Malays. Such works include, for example, the novel "Mother" by M. Gorky, translated into Indonesian in 1956 by the outstanding Indonesian writer Pramudya Ananta Tur, whose novel "Partisan Family" was mandatory in the reading program for students of Malaysian secondary schools until the late 1970s.2
1 For information about the Pokolsnis-50 organization, see [Sycd Husin Ali, 1980].

2 The novel was included in the school curriculum on the basis of the so-called Razak Report (1956), prepared by the then Minister of Education, future Prime Minister Abdul Razak (1922-1976).

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According to two other founders of the Malay literary movement "Generation of Pentecostal Writers", Usman Awang (1929-2001) and Abdul Samad Said (b. 1935), Gorky's novel "Mother" was not only popular among the intelligentsia of that period, but also became the banner of the "Pentecostals" who put forward the slogan "Literature for society"3. As Abdul Samad Said notes, " the works of Russian writers helped me understand the meaning of life... Through these works, we, the representatives of the "Generation-50", began to realize the existence of a different, purposeful, full of diversity and dignity of the world... " [Abdul Samad Said, 2009, p. xiii-xiv]. The same idea can be traced in the statements of Usman Awang: "The works of Russian writers are the best evidence of how literature (and art in general) can become an instrument of peoples 'struggle for their liberation from oppression, cruelty and the chains of feudalism" (Usman Awang, 2003, p. 62).

In 1986, the State Council for Language and Literature (DBP) established a translation department [Zalila Sharif, Zullkeply Mohamad, 2010, p. 51]4, and translation activities became more systematic. Through his efforts, the collections " Selected Poetry and Prose of Alexander Pushkin "(1999; compiled by Zalila Sharif, whose work was awarded the anniversary Pushkin Medal) and " Poetry and Prose of Pushkin "(2001; compiled by B. B. Parnikel), "Crime and Punishment" by F. M. Dostoevsky (1994; translator - Mokhtar Akhmad), "Anna Karenina" in two volumes (2001-2002; translated by Anwar Ayub) and "Hadji Murad" (2001; translated by V. A. Pogadaev) by L. N. Tolstoy. Interestingly, Hadji Murad was reprinted in 2006. "It is unprecedented," said Aziz Deraman, a prominent Malaysian writer and UNESCO Prize winner,"for a work of foreign literature to be republished in Malaysia." The success of the story, according to him, is connected not only with its artistic merits, but also with the fact that the translation was made directly from Russian and the translator managed to convey the power, diversity and harmony of the original 5.

Since 2002, the task of translating foreign literature has been removed from the responsibilities of the Language and Literature Council and completely assigned to the National Translation Institute of Malaysia, established in 1996. The Institute started translating fiction not only from foreign languages into Malay, but also from Malay into foreign languages (Rosma Ishak, 2006). It was this institute that published in 2008, prepared and translated by V. A. Pogadaev, an extensive anthology of Russian literature "Golden Rose" ("Mawar emas"), so named after the story of Konstantin Paustovsky included in it (Chekushkin, 2009). This anthology presents samples of Russian folklore, excerpts from the epic about Sadko and "Words about Igor's Regiment", as well as works by 37 prose writers and poets from A. S. Pushkin and A. P. Chekhov to I. Brodsky and A. Dudoladov with brief notes about their work. Malaysian national writer Abdul Samad Said highly appreciated the publication of the anthology, noting in the preface that "finally Malaysians will be able to get acquainted with the treasury of Russian literature in translations made directly from Russian and preserving the freshness and lively intonation of the originals" [Abdul Samad Said, 2009, p. xiv-xv]. In her review of the book, the Russian scholar-Malaist T. V. Dorofeeva noted that "the anthology undoubtedly deserves all praise and appreciation" [Dorofeeva, 2011, p. 198].

3 Usman Awang even staged a play based on the novel "Mother" [http://www.sukarclawanmalaysia.com/v1/catatan-komcntar/119-_Azizan Bahari. Usman-Awang,-Bintang-yang-Terus-Mcnyinar-di-Langit-Zaman. html].

4 And prior to the creation of the translation department, the Council published translations from foreign languages into Malay on a parodic basis - the first such translation was Mark Twain's 1957 translation of The Prince and the Pauper, produced by Zaaboy.

5 http://www.pcrcplct.ru/ncws/indcx.cgi?id=19468.

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Unfortunately, the Institute's intention to compile a ten-year outline of translations of Russian literature into Malay has not yet been realized. Private publishers do not show much zeal in this area. Fajar Bakti, which published Fyodor Dostoevsky's novel The Idiot retold by Nordin Hassan and Siti X in 1995, stands apart. Sudin, and Marvilis, which published in 1989 a series of Russian folk tales ("Finist the Clear Falcon"," Ivan Tsarevich, the Gray Wolf and the Firebird"," Marya Morevna"," The Frog Princess"," Vasilisa the Beautiful"," White Duck") translated by Nazel Hashim Mohamad.

The situation is much better with periodicals. Especially willing to publish the works of contemporary Russian writers is the magazine "Devan Sastera", published by the Council of Language and Literature. On its pages, as well as in some other publications, the names of both already known from the Golden Rose anthology and other Russian authors constantly appear. In total, the works of forty Russian writers have been translated into Malay to date. Along with the above-mentioned A. S. Pushkin, I. S. Turgenev, L. N. Tolstoy, F. M. Dostoevsky, A. P. Chekhov, I. Brodsky and A. Dudoladov, these are M. Y. Lermontov, I. Bunin, M. Gorky, M. Sholokhov, A. Fadeev, M. Jalil, A. Vampilov, A. Solzhenitsyn, A. Evnlanov, V. Tokareva; A. Blok, A. Akhmatova, M. Tsvetaeva, K. Balmont, V. Bryusov, V. Khlebnikov, S. Yesenin, V. Mayakovsky, B. Pasternak, S. Kirsanov, A. Voznesensky, E. Yevtushenko, B. Akhmadulina, R. Rozhdestvensky, M. Matusovsky, L. Oshanin, S. Gorshunova, E. Taneeva.

* * *

There are significantly more Russian translations from Malay than from Russian to Malay. A pioneer in this field was B. B. Parnikel (1934-2004), 6 who prepared and published a collection of short stories "By the Roadside" in 1963. It features leading Malaysian writers Usman Awang (1929-2001), Abdul Samad Said (b. 1935), Chris Mae (1922-1992) and older generation writer Harun Aminurashid (1907-1986).7. B. B. Parnikel continued his efforts to familiarize our readers with the best examples of Malay literature. He compiled an anthology of short stories by writers from Malaysia and Singapore, Dobro Delo (1973), and together with V. Sigaev, a more extensive book of translations, Modern Malaysian Novella (1977), which presents the works of fourteen authors. His anthology of Malay poetry "Ruchey" (1996) introduces Russian readers to both classic Malay poems (shairs) in a successful translation by N. Gabrielyan and quatrains - pantups, as well as to the works of 30 contemporary poets.

Special mention should be made of B. B. Parnikel's translation of the voluminous Malay classical epic "The Tale of Hang Tuah" and his recording of the oral tale "Awang Semerah Muda" (1984) in Malaysia. He also edited for publication a translation of The Tales of Sang Boma (1973) by L. A. Mervart (1888-1965), a pioneer teacher of the Malay language.8
V. I. Braginsky did a great job of translating samples of Malay classics and modern Malay poetry. In particular, he published a collection of classical hikayats, The Golden Peacock Garden (1975), and an anthology of excerpts from 24 works of Malay classical literature, Tales of the Valiant, Lovers

6 O B. B. Parnikels see: [Boris Borisovich Parnikel..., 2004, pp. 213-216; Sikorsky, 2004, pp. 8-16; Braginsky, 2004, pp. 1-5; Ogloblin, 2004, pp. 3-11].

7 Strictly speaking, Harun Aminurashid is a Singaporean writer. He was born and died in Singapore.

8 On L. A. Mervart, see: [Lyudmila A. Mervart..., 1965, pp. 246-247; Alieva, 1988(1); Alieva, 2008(2); Vigasin, 2003; Pogadacv, 1996].

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and the wise" (1982). He compiled a collection of fairy tales of the peoples of Malaysia and Indonesia "The Magic Wand" (1982).

Lyubov Goryaeva made a significant contribution to the translation of the monuments of Malay literature, which are the common heritage of the literature of Malaysia and Indonesia. She has translated and provided scientific commentary on The Tale of Bakhtiar (1989), The Tale of Maharaj Marakarma (2008), and Monuments of Malay Literature of the 15th-17th Centuries: A Tale of the Victorious Pandavas; Bukhari al-Jauhari. The Crown of Kings "(2011).

By the mid-1980s, Usman Awang's novella "Where the Bullet Caught Them" (1984; translated by A. Borukhovskaya) and Shahnon Ahmad's novella "War in the Quiet Pool" (1984; translated by T. V. Dorofeeva) were published in Russian as separate books, both with forewords by B. B. Parnikel.

In the post-Soviet period, the latter's efforts were continued by the author of this article, who published Russian-Malay dictionaries in 1986, and Russian - Indonesian and Indonesian-Russian dictionaries in 2008 and 2010. In collaboration with his daughter Anna Pogadaeva, he translated and published collections of selected poems by Kemala (Poems, 2001), Aziz Deraman (Poet's Wanderings, 2002) and Baha Zain (Masks, 2003), and independently collected poems by Hashim Yakub (Singing Bamboo, 2005), Rakhimidin Zahari ("Sand Castle", 2007), as well as Anwar Ridwan's novella "There were and Were no Ogonsoto Islands" (2006). Apart from this series is the anthology of Malay and Indonesian poetry "To Conquer the Heights" (2009), compiled and translated by him, which presents the works of 27 Malay poets, and the less voluminous anthology of the short story "Malay Blood" (2011).

In 2010, the National Translation Institute of Malaysia published a Russian translation by V. A. Pogadaev of the collection of poems by the famous Malaysian poet Siti Zainon Ismail "Mother's Love" with beautiful illustrations by the author depicting the life of a Malay village going back in time. Professor A. K. Ogloblin from St. Petersburg commented on this event as follows: "It is remarkable that in Malaysia, and not only in Paris or New York, they publish in Russian. And it will be useful for local students who want it. " 9
Stories and poems by Malaysian authors can often be found on the pages of Pamir, Zvezda Vostoka, Literaturny Tajikistan, Asia and Africa Today, Foreign Literature, Ogonyok, Vokrug Sveta, and Literaturnaya Gazeta magazines. They are also invariably present in the general anthologies "Poets of Asia", "Selected Works of Asian Poets", "Poets of the World in the struggle for Peace", and in the serial issues of the Eastern Almanac.

Thus, the dialogue of civilizations in the field of literature, established between Russia and Malaysia in the 1950s, not only continues successfully, but also takes on a stable character, acquiring new forms. A Malay proverb says: "Without knowing, you will not love" ("Tak kenal, maka tak cinta"). There is no doubt that the mutual acquaintance of the two peoples through translations of fiction helps to strengthen mutual understanding and friendship between them.

In conclusion, I will mention those who translated Malaysian authors into Russian. These were the professional poets and translators who processed philological translations: Adeline Adalis (1900-1969), Samuel Bolotin (1901-1970), Semyon Botvinnik (1922-2004), Matilda Yufit (1909-1993), Tatiana Sikorskaya (1901-1984), Eduard Shuster, Marina Eliseeva, Izabella Bochkareva, Felix Burtashov, Alexey Dmitriev, and Nina Gabrielyan. But not only that. Among the translators there are many teachers of the Malay language in Russian universities and other specialists who speak this language, namely Maria Boldyreva, Robert Korigodsky, Andrey Pavlenko (1939-1970), Vladislav Sigaev, Kira Sigaeva, Elena Cherepneva (1943-2011).

9 Letter from A. K. Ogloblin to V. A. Pogadasv dated June 21, 2011

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list of literature

Alieva N. F. L. L. Msrvart (1888-1965)the founder of Indonesian philology in the USSR. Moscow Orientalists of the 30-60s, Moscow, 1988(1).
Alieva N. F. Lyudmila Aleksandrovna Msrvart: k 120-letiyu so deya rozhdeniya (1888-1965) [Msrvart: k 120-letiyu so deya rozhdeniya(1888-1965)]. Malaiskoindopeziiskie issledovaniya [Malaiskoindopeziiskie issledovaniya], Moscow: Obshchestvo "Nusantara", 2008 (2).

Boris Borisovich Parniksl (1934-2004) [obituary] / / Vostok (Oriens). 2004. № 4.

Vigasin A. A. Alexander and Lyudmila Msrvart: u istokov otechestvennogo ceylonovedsnia i dravidologii [Alexander and Lyudmila Msrvart: at the Origins of domestic Ceylon Studies and Dravidology]. Repressed Ethnographers, vol. 2, Moscow: Vostochnaya literatura, 2003.

Dorofeeva T. V. Review of: Mawar cmas. Bunga rampai sastera rusia. Pcnyclcnggara dan Pcntcrjcmah Victor Pogadacv. Kuala Lumpur: Institut Tcrjcmahan Ncgara Malaysia, 2009. 281 ms. // Восток (Oriens). 2011. № 2.

Lyudmila Aleksandrovna Msrvart [obituary] / / Peoples of Asia and Africa. 1965. № 6.

Sikorsky V. V. Path to science. K biografii B. B. Parniksl ' [On the biography of B. B. Parniksl]. Issue XVI. Collection of articles in memory of B. B. Parnikel, Moscow: Nusantara Society, 2004.
Chskushkin A. Pushkin will speak in Malay / / Izvestiya. 23.09.2009.

Abdul Samad Said. Kata Alu-Aluan // Mawar Emas. Bunga Rampai Sastera Rusia. Kuala Lumpur: Institut Tcrjcmahan Ncgara Malaysia, 2009.

Braginsky V. Boris Borisovitch Parnickcl (1934-2004) [obituary] // Indonesia and the Malay World. 33(95).

http://www.pcrcplct.ru/ncws/indcx.cgi?id=19468.

http://www.sukarclawanmalaysia.eom/v1/catatan-komcntar/119_Azizan Bahari. Usman-Awang.-Bintang-yang-Tcrus-Mcnyinar-di-Langit-Zaman.html.

Ogloblin A.K. Boris Borisovitch Parnickcl (8.11.1934 -13.03.2004) // Archipel. 2004. Vol. 68. № 68.

Pogadacv V. L. A. Mcrvart (1888-1965) (in Malay) / / Jurnal Dewan Bahasa. T. 40. No. 3. Kuala Lumpur: DBP, 1996.

Rosma Ishak. Amalanpenerbilan karya terjemahan di Institut Terjemahan Negara Malaysia Berhad (ITNMB). Kuala Lumpur: ITNMB, 2006.

Sycd Husin Ali. Asas 50 dan cita-cita kemasyarakatannya // Bengkel Asas 50 dan Sastera Melayu Moden (22-23 Aug. 1980). Kuala Lumpur: DBP, 1980.

Usman Awang. Kata Pcngantar Buku "Nclayan dan Ikan Mas" Pcnyair Pushkin // Pogadacv V.A. Penyair Agung Rusia Pushkin dan Dunia Timur. Monograph Scries. Centre For Civilisational Dialogue. № 6. Kuala Lumpur: University of Malaya, 2003.

Zalila Sharif, Zullkcply Mohamad. Sumbangan Dcwan Bahasa dan Pustaka Kcpada Pcrkcmbangan Kcsusastcraan Melayu Moden (1981-1989) // Kesusasteraan Melayu Moden 1980-1989. Kata Pcngantar olch Hashim Ismail. Kuala Lumpur: Dcwan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2010.

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