In this article, the author analyzes the system of control over Japanese-Chinese trade that took place under the policy of isolation (1639-1854) in Nagasaki. Increased government control by the second half of the 18th century was due to the smuggling trade and the desire to restrict the export of Japanese silver, which negatively affected the economy and required the government to issue special decrees. The article focuses on the analysis of the activities of the Governor of Nagasaki and his subordinates, the Chinese trading post, the "meeting service" and the "copper monopoly", which played a key role in establishing a solid trade management system in Nagasaki and ensuring the supply of copper and seafood. The author analyzes Tanuma Okitsugu's measures aimed at expanding Japanese-Chinese trade, reorganizing the process of harvesting seafood, and establishing a tax system.

Keywords: izolyatsiya, Nagasaki buge:, matsuke, daikan, seafood, Chinese trading post, "meeting service", "copper monopoly", taxes, tawaramono yakuse, Chinese translators.

Japan's foreign trade with China can be traced back to ancient times: during the Asuka (VI-VII centuries) and Nara (710-784) periods, knowledge in the field of economics and government was obtained from China. In the IX century. There was a long period of calm due to the need to assimilate borrowed culture, but during the Muromachi era (1336-1573), trade and cultural contacts between Japan and China increased again. It was from this time that Chinese eirakusen copper coins, which were in circulation until the middle of the XVII century, arrived in Japan.

The period 1542-1639 was the time of Japan's contacts with European countries, especially with Spain and Portugal - Catholic states that founded colonies in the New World (America), India, Southeast Asia and China during the era of Great Geographical Discoveries. In 1609, Japan established trade relations with Holland, and in 1613 - with England. However, the threat of Catholic Christianity, which increased separatist tendencies among the southwestern feudal lords, led to the fact that in 1639 a regime of isolation (sakoku seisaku) was introduced in Japan, which lasted until 1854. Now official foreign trade contacts were limited to China and the Netherlands, whose ships could only sail to the port of Nagasaki. Trade with the Dutch was carried out through a trading post located on the small island of Dejima in the port of Nagasaki 1.

1 The decree establishing a trading post in Dejima, originally inhabited only by Portuguese merchants, was issued in 1634. Subsequently, in 1641, the Dutch who had previously lived in the trading post in Hirado were resettled here.

page 26
MAJOR LEADERSHIP POSITIONS IN NAGASAKI

The general administration of the port city of Nagasaki, its civil affairs and foreign trade was carried out by the Prefect Governor (Nagasaki buge:), who reported directly to the senior adviser (ro:ju:) and was considered one of the governors of remote provinces (Ongoku buge:). This position was introduced to control the cities of Kyoto, Osaka, Sumpu, Fushimi, Sakai, Nara, Yamada, Nikko, Shimoda, Uraga, Niigata, Sado and Hakodate, which are strategically and economically important. Among the works devoted to the activities of the governor of Nagasaki, it should be noted "Study of the duties of the Governor of Nagasaki" ("Nagasaki buge:- no kenkyu:") by the historian Suzuki Yasuko [Suzuki, 2007]. In total, until the end of the Edo period, the post of governor of Nagasaki was occupied by 124 people, most of whom were Hatamoto (samurai directly subordinate to the shogun), but there were cases when representatives of outsiders tozama daimyo were appointed to this position: (for example, Omura Sumihiro, 1830-1882).

The functions of the governor were not initially fixed and could change. Thus, in the first decades of the Edo era, in addition to trade, he had to monitor the feudal lords of Kyushu and stop the propaganda of Christianity, which was banned in 1613 and again in 1639, according to the fifth (last) law on isolation (sakoku no rei). The post of governor, which until 1686 was held by two people in shifts, corresponded to the 5th rank and was higher in status than the posts of the governor of Kyoto (Kyo:to matibuge:) and the governor of Osaka (O:saka matibuge:). The first governor appointed by Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1536-1598) was Terazawa Hirotaka (1563-1633), owner of Karatsu Castle (Saga), in 1592.

From the Keite era: (1596-1615), spies (Nagasaki Matsuke) were periodically sent to Nagasaki, whose functions were similar to those of the governor, with the main focus being on maintaining public order. Throughout the Edo period, bakufu (daikan) representatives were also sent to Nagasaki to monitor tax revenues, fight smuggling, and check the quality of imported goods arriving in Nagasaki (Nagasaki Kenshi, 1965, pp. 414-431).

THE STATE OF JAPANESE-CHINESE TRADE IN THE XVII-XVIII CENTURIES.

Japanese-Chinese trade, whose main commodities were Chinese silk, 2 ginseng, sugar, and Japanese precious metals, developed intensively: until the end of the 17th century, the number of Chinese ships sailing to Nagasaki was not subject to restrictions, despite the existing isolation. During the Kambun years (1661-1673), the export volume of Japanese silver reached about 40,000 kamme3, and silver products and Japanese te:gin silver coins were actively used in trade (up to 88%) [Kinsei taigai kankei sirona, 1979, p.127].

However, since the publication of the Bakufu decree "Jo" on December 26, 1684:kyo: rei " ("Decree of the years of Jo:kyo:"), which introduced the system of fixed trade osadamedaka shiho: (variant name-gojo: daka), the face of Japanese-Chinese trade changed. Transaction controls were tightened, and the number of Chinese vessels was severely limited. According to the data given by the historian Iwao Seiichi, 115 Chinese ships sailed to Nagasaki in 1687, and 131 in 1688. Since 1698, a downward trend has already been observed: in 1700, 30 ships sailed to Nagasaki [Iwao, 1979, p. 112].

The main changes concerned the annual export volume: in 1685, it was strictly fixed in order to limit the outflow of Japanese metals abroad. The following limits were set for the export of silver: 6000 kammu (100,000 re: 4 gold per month).

2 At the beginning of the 17th century, the largest share was made of silk, while in the second half of the 18th century, China began to import more medicines and kitchen utensils.

Camme -3 weight measure for silver (3.75 kg).

Ryo: -4 Japanese gold coin (3.75 g).

page 27
at the rate of 1 re: = 60 camme) for the Chinese side and 3000 camme for the Dutch side, and these amounts were to be distributed based on the amount of imported products - Chinese silk, medicines and fabrics. 5 As a means of payment, the use of copper was encouraged, the volume of production of which was constantly growing due to the discovery of copper deposits in the Bassi mine (Shikoku) in 1691 by representatives of the Sumitomo merchant house. 6 Having reached over 320,000 kin7 it reached 1,095,000 kin in 1695, and 8,900,000 kin in 1716. Japanese copper was highly valued on the Chinese market: until the discovery of copper deposits in the Yunnan mine in the middle of the 18th century, the level of its supply influenced the minting of Chinese copper coins (Xiu Toku Ran, 1997, p. 16-17).

In addition to copper," bale " dried seafood (tavaramono) was to be used for export, the most common of which were trepang, dried abalone and shark fins. Along with them, such seafood products as kelp kelp (kombu), dried cuttlefish (surume), grass (tohsaka), red seaweed (tokorotengusa), dried tuna (katsuobushi), dried fish (hizakana), agar-agar (kanten), dried shrimp (hoshiebi) were also exported [Arai Eiji, 1977, p. 1]. These products were not included in the list of tavaramono and appeared in the sources as" all kinds of goods " (sesiki). For all the listed products, we apply the general term - seafood (kaisambutsu).

The introduction of the osadamedaka system opened up new sources of export (copper and seafood), saving silver and gold reserves. However, the limited volume of trade stimulated the smuggling trade, where Japanese silver was the means of payment, the export of which was prohibited. This situation required a reorganization of control over foreign trade at the state level. First of all, the powers of the governor of Nagasaki were expanded, the position of which was now held first by three, and from 1699 - by four officials who worked in Edo (two) and Nagasaki (two).

Two important steps were taken as part of the bakufu's efforts to eliminate smuggling and bring trade under government control: in 1688, a Chinese trading post (to:jin yashiki) (variant - to:kan, "Chinese hall") was established in Nagasaki to house Chinese merchants for the duration of trading, and in 1698, a Chinese trading post was established in Nagasaki. G. A" meeting service " (Nagasaki kaisho) was established under the control of the Bakufu.

CHINESE TRADING POST

The decree establishing a Chinese trading post, signed by senior advisors Tsuchiya Naomasa, Toda Masatada, Abe Takemasa, and O: Kubo Asatada, was addressed to the Bakufu Governor of Nagasaki on July 23, 1688. It read: "Starting next year, a trading post for Chinese merchants should be built, similar to the Dutch house in Dejima. It is necessary to hold a meeting with the governors of Matsudaira and Matsuura [regarding the construction of this trading post] "[Yamawaki Teijiro: 1964, p. 3]. Mentioned in the decree, Matsudaira (Tadafusa), the owner of Shimabara Castle, and Matsuura (Shigenobu), the governor of Hizen Province, played an important role in deciding on the location of the future trading post.

Initially, the plan was to build a trading post in three blocks: Juzenji, Magome and Oura, but the territory of Magome was rocky, and the Oura quarter was too far from the sea, so it was decided to limit only Juzenji.

5 As the historian Nakada Yasunao notes, despite such restrictions, the volume was strictly fixed only in relation to the Dutch, while already in the Genroku years (1688-1704), the Chinese could export more silver - for example, in 1688, the volume of silver exports by the Chinese was more than 18,000 kamme [Kinsei taigai kankei siron 1979, p. 139].

6 Bassi Mine was originally part of the larger Tatsukawa mine, which was developed during the Kanyei years (1624-1644), but later became an independent mine. Since 1749, both mines have been run by the Sumitomo House.

Kin-7 is a measure of weight, is 600 g.

page 28
The works on the improvement of the trading post were supervised by the city head (matidosieri) Takashima Shirobei, who was assisted by senior officials (oton) Araki Ichizaemon, Aihara Chu: emon, Kawahara Zembei, Ando: Koemon. Some of the funds for the construction were provided by the Bakufu, the rest was collected during the taxation of the population of Nagasaki. The total cost of construction work was about 635 kammes of silver.

The trading post was opened in April 1689. Surrounded by a moat, it covered an area of 9,373 ,tsubo. The trading post, which was strictly forbidden to leave during trading, housed the crews of Chinese ships, guests, translators and officials responsible for conducting trade transactions. For the right to live in the trading post, its inhabitants paid an annual tax of 160 kammei silver, which was spent on the needs of the city of Nagasaki, but this amount could vary depending on the number of Chinese ships. The main transactions took place in the premises of the fudab, where the prices of silk and copper were discussed. In addition to the Chinese, merchants from Annam (modern times) could live in the trading post. Vietnam) and Siam (modern times). Thailand) [Nagasaki sisi, 1967, pp. 719-724].

The establishment of the Chinese trading post was aimed at eliminating the contraband trade in Nagasaki, through which Japanese silver was sent to China, which was necessary for minting full-fledged Japanese coins. However, despite the introduction of the death penalty, the Bakufu has not been able to completely eradicate smuggling. Another task was to stabilize the prices of copper exported. In 1688, copper exports to China were 3,376,000 kin (compared to 1,250,000 kin for the Dutch), but the purchase price was low and did not stimulate the growth of supplies to Nagasaki.

The third reason for the creation of to: jin Yashiki was the desire of the Japanese government to prevent the arrival in Japan of Chinese Christians converted to Christianity by the Italian Jesuit missionary Matteo Ricci (1552-1610). Expelled from Japan in 1617, he settled in Macao, where, in addition to preaching, he was engaged in the dissemination of European sciences. The Bakufu learned about the spread of Christianity in China from official spies (kikiyaku), who had been in the retinues of 14 feudal lords of Western Japan since 1647, as well as from Chinese and Dutch chronicles.

According to To: tsu: ji kaisho jitsuroku (Diaries of the Chinese Translators ' Trading Post, 7 volumes), one of the sources on to: jin yashiki, only prostitutes could enter the trading post without special permission, 9 while merchants needed a pass signed by senior officials (otona), with a decree 1708 fixed the exact number of merchants who were allowed to enter the territory of the Chinese trading post.:HQ.ji kaisho jitsuroku, 1968, pp. 302-305]. The free movement of Chinese merchants in Nagasaki was forbidden, despite petitions from both the Chinese and the city's population10.

The year 1697 was the stage at which another reform of foreign trade was carried out, the essence of which was as follows: foreign products, with the exception of Chinese silk, were purchased at strictly fixed prices, which marked a departure from the system of mutually beneficial trade that existed in 1655-1671 (aitai bo: eki siho:) 11. Purchased goods began to be distributed among merchants by bidding (irefudaho:). The profit received from trading went to the disposal of the city head, who, under the supervision of the governor, distributed it for payment

Tsubo -8 area measurement measure, about 3.3 sq. m.

9 Since the Chinese were forbidden to use silver, prostitutes were paid for their services in copper coins (zeni, tsukaisutegin), which were issued to them by Oton officials. Subsequently, since 1813, iron coins have been actively used.

10 Petitions to eliminate the trading post began to be received by the Nagasaki authorities from 1701, but the Bakufu, fearing the secret export of Japanese silver, did not satisfy them until the end of the Edo era.

11 Prices for products, especially silk, were set through lengthy negotiations between foreign merchants and the Japanese side. As a result, trade increased by 35%, but this success was due to increased exports of Japanese silver due to the high demand for silk from Japanese merchants and high prices for it.

page 29
salaries to local officials, loans to the population ("money to help" - osukuigin) and sending them to Edo. The silk trade was entrusted only to special merchants-Gofukushi nakama, who received a monopoly from the Bakufu.

"MEETING SERVICE"

The reform stimulated further systematization of foreign trade and strengthening of government control over transactions, which required the creation of a new department - the "meeting service" (Nagasaki Kaisho). Data on the scale of his activities are reflected in the source " Nagasaki Kaisho gosatsumono "("Five Volumes of Nagasaki Kaisho"), compiled during the Kansei years (1789-1801). It is necessary to note the high level of statistical data from this source: for example, in the 4th volume there are data on foreign trade expenditures of both the Japanese, Chinese and Dutch sides, and in the 5th-the expenses of the Chinese trading post are indicated.

At the same time, there is no consensus on the year of the establishment of the "meeting service": for example, the source "Nagasaki Kaisho motokata hattansho" ("Document on the foundation of Nagasaki Kaisho") adheres to 1698, and the source " Tsu:ko: ipshret "12-1697. However, it remains indisputable that the decision to establish the "meeting service" was influenced by the appointment in September 1696 of the city head Takagi Hikoemon to the post of chief inspector (so:kanjo: motojime) of Japanese-Chinese and Japanese-Dutch trade. It united the previously scattered branches (five branches of Itovappu Kaise), which were engaged in the trade and distribution of silk. Now all goods for export had to pass through the "meeting service", whose representatives had a certain autonomy and the right to distribute imported products among local merchants.13
The "meeting service" was also responsible for monetary settlements, the main one of which was the payment of the Nagasaki Unjo fishing tax to the Bakufu: (kin) for the granted autonomy. This practice was introduced after a visit to Nagasaki in 1699 by the financial controller (kanjo:kata) Ogiwara Shigehide14, who conducted an audit of monetary receipts from foreign trade and determined the amount of tax - 200,000 gold coins. According to the historian Nakamura Tadashi, it was Ogiwara Shigehide who initiated the creation of the" meeting service " and the introduction of a tax on foreign trade - this was part of his financial reform aimed at overcoming the worsening Bakufu crisis and affecting foreign trade [Nakamura, 1988, p.317]. At the same time, as the historian Ota Katsuya notes, in the event of fires and natural disasters, the "meeting service" could also receive monetary assistance from the Bakufu, as happened after the Nagasaki fire in 1698, when a loan of 130 kamme of silver was received with a repayment period of 10 years [O:ta, 2000, pp. 165-166].

The number of employees of the "meeting service", which had an area of 410 tsubo, was initially small, but gradually grew, and their functions were divided. The department was based on control officers (ukebaraiyaku, 12 people) and quarterly officials (otona), who monitored the loading of goods and the dynamics of purchase prices. The loading of goods on Chinese ships was carried out by representatives of the Yadomachi and Tsukimachi quarters,15whose functions were defined in 1666. Otho was tested

12 Trud " Tsu:ko: ichiran " ("Survey of Sea Voyages"), compiled in 1853 by Hayashi Fukusai (Akira), can be considered one of the main sources on trade in Nagasaki during the Edo period. It consists of 373 volumes, of which 23 are devoted to maritime defense issues.

13 As a result, Nagasaki's foreign trade is sometimes referred to as "kaisho bo: ji" ("trading through a trading post").

14 Ogiwara Shigehide (1658-1713), the first financial treasurer, re-minted full-fledged Japanese coins with a decrease in their quality, issuing gold and silver Genroku coins (Genroku kingin).

Yadomachi-15 inns-quarters for Chinese merchants who stayed in Nagasaki during trade transactions, established in 1641 Tsukimachi-subordinate quarters of Yadomachi, could perform the same functions. Created in 1653.

page 30
the cargo was recorded, its weight was recorded, and silver was not allowed to fall into the bales of copper. In the event of a breakdown of the ship, Otho supervised its repair.

The staff of the "meeting service" included, in addition to financial supervisors, translators from Chinese (to:tsu:ji), who were under the control of the governor of Nagasaki. Their history can be traced back to 1604, when a Chinese Fan Lu from Shanxi province was appointed to this position. Most of the translators were descendants of Chinese who migrated to Japan from China at the end of the Ming Dynasty.

The main responsibility is to:Tsu: ji was transferred while making a deal with Chinese merchants. They were also required to provide the Bakufu with information about the international situation and the situation in China. At the head of the translators were four senior translators (o: tsu: ji), whose number became constant from 1657. They were subordinate to five junior translators (kotsu: ji), whose positions were introduced in 1640. The link between senior and junior translators from 1654 was 30 assistant translators (keiko tsu:ji), and 134 internal translators (naitsu:ji) acted as intermediaries in trade, acting independently of the governor.

NAGASAKI TRADE UNDER TANUMA OKITSUGU: TAWARAMONO EXPORTS, ESTABLISHMENT OF A SEAFOOD AGENCY, INCREASED TAXATION

In 1734, the "meeting service" was divided into two parts - the office for fixing prices (motokata kaisho) and the office for organizing payments (haraikata Kaisho); the latter supervised the supply of seafood. Their importance increased with the introduction in 1744 of the tawaramono contracting system (Nagasaki tawaramono itte ukekatasei), in which the main merchants were contractors (itte ukekata se:nin), who received contracts from bakufu licenses for harvesting tawaramono in the principalities and provinces [Hayashi..., 2000, p. 2-5]. As a result, there was a need to establish new agencies that could coordinate the process of collecting seafood locally for subsequent shipment to China.

The implementation of government contracts led to the fact that on April 18, 1745, the merchants of itte Ukekata established a seafood trading post in Nagasaki (tawaramono kaisho), which received a certain independence from Nagasaki Kaisho. In 1747, additional state-owned seafood trading posts were established in Osaka, Shimonoseki, and Matsumae. Each of these associations controlled the collection of tawaramono in its own region and was subordinate to the main contractor (shitei tongya), who exercised general control over the activities of the four trading posts from Edo.

The conclusion of an agreement with China in 1763 to supply Japan with precious metals (300 kamme of silver per year) in exchange for seafood stimulated their widespread collection, which became part of the Tanuma Okitsugu economic policy aimed at overcoming the bakufu. 16 Until 1774, exports were 2000-3000 kamme, exceeding the official norm. But by 1780, the bakufu, despite the 1783 decree on doubling the volume of seafood exports, could no longer prevent the crisis of the itte ukekata contracting system caused by the lack of firm purchase prices for seafood.

The situation was aggravated by the presence of centrifugal phenomena in the areas of Matsumae, Nambu, Osaka, Shimonoseki, Nagasaki and Choshu, where tawaramono production was developed. Despite the officially recognized tawaramono itte ukekata system, it was largely dependent on the activities of contractors in the principalities. Formally, they are

16 Tanuma Okitsugu (1719-1788) - chamberlain (sobae:nin) under the tenth Shogun Tokugawa Ieharu (1737-1786), senior advisor (ro:ju:) in 1772-1786.Carried out economic reforms based on close cooperation between Bakufu and merchants, as well as on the ideas of mercantilism. In the wake of the natural disasters of 1783-1786, the discontent of the shogun's entourage with his ignoble origin and the growth of corruption in the state apparatus, he was removed in 1786 from the post of ro:ju:. In Japanese historiography, the time of 1760-1786 is often referred to as Tanuma (Tanuma jidai).

page 31
they were subordinate to the merchants of itte ukekata sho:nin, but in reality they were increasingly striving for independence, undermining the economic basis of Nagasaki Kaisho. The result was the abolition of the contracting system in March 1785 and the introduction of the direct procurement system (jiki shiresei), which lasted until 1866.:

"Irinamako and hoshiawabi, which were delivered to Nagasaki for Chinese ships, were purchased by tawaramono [tawaramono uketorikata] merchant contractors in the bays of all the provinces, but their number increased, and these contractors, after holding meetings in the provinces, decided that they should buy tawaramono there. So it was in the 14th year of Ho:reki [1764], in the 2nd year of Meiwa [1765], in the 7th year of An'ei [1778], but now the purchase of tawaramono by merchant contractors is canceled and the system of direct purchases of irinamako, hoshiawabi, Fuka no hire and kombu by Nagasaki Kaisho is established, this order must be fulfilled... It is the responsibility of the tawaramono purchasers to supply the provincial bays with cash credits received from Nagasaki Kaisho officials, with purchase prices remaining the same as they were when the merchant contractors were operating, and transactions should be carried out in silver.

In addition to the above, officials from [Nagasaki] kaisho should conduct the procurement of [tawaramono] together with gofushinyaku officials, and the bays should also be surveyed. If it becomes known that foreign merchants are selling their products in the bays, or that irinamako and hoshiawabi are being smuggled in the bays... this should henceforth be reported to officials of gofushinyaku and officials from [Nagasaki] kaisho... " [Ofuregaki..., 1959, p. 853].

From this decree it can be seen that since 1785, instead of the abolished merchant contractors, itte ukekata se:The nin tawaramono gathering was to be conducted by Bakufu representatives represented by fusinyaku officials, who were sent by the Bakufu to the principalities where the seafood harvesting centers were located. They were supposed to explore and develop new bays in order to realize the volumes of tawaramono harvesting set by the Bakufu. The free sale of seafood previously carried out by merchant contractors was abolished, and the smuggling trade, which peaked under the previous system, was strictly prohibited. All seafood had to go to Nagasaki kaisho without intermediaries.

A special feature of the new system was the establishment of a government-controlled seafood department (tawaramono yakuse), which exercised general control over the harvesting, transportation and sale of seafood throughout Japan. If under the previous system only the seafood trading posts of tawaramono kaisho were engaged in this task, then in 1785 such powers were transferred to tawaramono yakusa [Nagasaki shishi, p. 699].

This department was an extensive apparatus, which included officials from both Nagasaki Kaisho and Bakufu. In charge were two official inspectors (Kaisho Shirabeyaku) who had overall control over Nagasaki's activities, Kaisho and Tawaramono yakuse. They were appointed from among the city prefects (matidosieri). The most important role in tawaramono yakusa was played by the control officials (gimmiyaku and ukebarayaku), who were directly involved in the seafood trade and were part of Nagasaki Kaisho in 1702-1785. In 1785, the permanent composition of ukebaraiyaku was determined: 3-6 officials. The Gimmiyaku controlled ukebarayaku officials, received tawaramono from the warehouses for Chinese ships in the spring and fall, and kept annual accounting records. The Gimmiyaku and Ukebarayaku officials were also responsible for directly selling seafood to Chinese merchants. Negotiations on the cost of seafood were carried out with the help of all the Chinese translators listed under tawaramono yakusa - senior translators (o:tsu:ji), junior translators (kotsu:ji) and assistant translators (keiko tsu:ji).

The Bakufu events of 1785 marked increased state interference in the seafood harvesting process and were one of the stages of Tanuma Okitsugu's policy of monopolizing the economy throughout Japan. The efficiency of the direct procurement system allowed us to quickly provide the required amount of seafood for export [Nagasaki Kenshi, pp. 569-581].

page 32
In the second half of the 18th century, the Nagasaki Kaisho "meeting service" continued to function, but during the Tanuma years, government control over it was strengthened-officials from the Treasury (kanjo:sho) were sent to Nagasaki to check the state of trade. This practice was first introduced in 1699, when Ogiwara Shigehide was sent to Nagasaki. However, since 1764, two officials-treasurers (kanjo:) and two officials-inspectors (fusinyaku), who had broad powers, began to visit Nagasaki annually for a period of one year. Their duties included checking the prices of imported products, reviewing petitions from Chinese and Dutch merchants, checking government goods, organizing the collection of tavaramono, raising virgin land, and protecting state forests. They were responsible for collecting the nengu rice rent and the kokusen ship displacement tax.

The strengthening of ties between Nagasaki and the Bakufu financial apparatus is indicated by the fact that officials appointed under Tanuma to the post of governor of Nagasaki could simultaneously hold the position of financial treasurer (kanjo: buge:) 17. This can be seen in the example of Ishii Kiyomasa, the military governor of Bingo Province [Suzuki, pp. 20-21, 164-166, 265-267]. Ishii's tenure as Nagasaki Prefect had a fruitful impact on the implementation of Tanuma Okitsugu's policy of strengthening trade contacts with China. Under Ishii, Japan began importing gold and silver from China, Tibet, and Annam, providing Japanese copper and seafood in exchange, and its trade balance improved.

As part of the Bakufu's growing influence on Nagasaki Kaisho, a new position of Nagasaki Kaisho investigator (Nagasaki Kaisho Shirabeyaku) was introduced in 1764, providing for supervision of both Nagasaki Kaisho's activities and trade with China and Holland. Whereas previously Nagasaki kaisho was under the control of control officers (Matsukeyaku and Ukebarayaku), whose functions were divided, now the introduction of a single position (Shirabeyaku) has strengthened cooperation between the governor of Nagasaki and the staff of local officials.

Tanuma's political efforts to bring Nagasaki Kaisa under government control led to an increase in the Nagasaki Unjo tax rate:kin 18 and the introduction of the kokusen tax. The unjo: kin tax was levied on trade within Japan, industrial products and fishing, as well as on numerous merchant associations that received licenses for their activities from the Bakufu in exchange for taxes. Thus, from March 1760 until the fall of Tanuma in August 1786, 80 merchant associations were formed in Osaka alone. The flexible system of taxation associated with the creation of merchant monopolies made it possible to control the turnover of goods on state and princely lands and ensure the flow of finance to the treasury [Kitajima, 1968, p.85].

The Nagasaki unjo:kin tax, originally abolished in 1742 and reintroduced under Tanuma, went to the Osaka state depots and was used for minting coins. During Tanuma's reign, several types of Nagasaki unjo tax were allocated:kin:

1. The reikaku jo:no:kin tax, levied in 1748-1762, was the repayment of Nagasaki kaisho's debt to the Bakufu: by 1748, it owed 210,000 ryo: gold, and the Bakufu collected this money for 14 years at the rate of 15,000 ryo: per year. But even after the Bakufu repaid the debt, merchants were periodically taxed with this tax, and due to the shortage of koban gold coins, various types of copper were involved in payment, including goyo: do: copper, which was used specifically for export, and saodo copper:19.

17 Financial Treasurer of kanjo: buge: - the highest position in the financial apparatus of Kanjo: se, which was responsible for both economic and judicial affairs.

18 In addition to the unjo fishing tax, the Tokugawa State also had a me: ga(kin) gratitude tax, which was paid in exchange for special benefits.

Saodo: -19 refined copper intended for export. A piece of Saodo copper: weighed about 300g, its length was about 23cm.

page 33
2. From 1770 to 1788, merchants in Nagasaki were subject to a special tax (betsudan jo: no:kin) of 5,000 gold ryos in addition to the 15,000 reikaku jo:no:kin tax, which could be paid in nisyuban 20 gold Chinese coins.

3. A special large tax (betsudan jo:jo: no: kin), introduced in 1778, was imposed in the amount of 7,000 ryo: on the merchants of Nagasaki Kaisho in order to reduce unnecessary expenses of this trading post, performing the function of economic control by the Bakufu. In 1785-1788, the rate of this tax was 10,000 re:.

4. Silver stored in warehouses in Nagasaki in 1759-1760, 1762, and 1764 was taxed by Nagasaki e: igin [Suzuki, pp. 275-278].

The kokusen tax was introduced in 1766 to raise funds for large-scale drainage works in the port of Nagasaki. Unlike unjo: kin, this tax was levied on both Chinese and Japanese ships that sailed to Nagasaki, and its size was determined by the displacement of the vessel. From 1 koku22 ships, 3 sen were charged, and owners of small ships paid this amount for every 5 koku.

OSAKA COPPER MONOPOLY

Along with to:jin Yashiki and Nagasaki Kaisho another agency closely associated with trade in Nagasaki was the Osaka Copper Monopoly (do:ja), which was responsible for the supply of copper (Nagasaki Goe:do:) used in exports instead of silver. It should be noted that in 1646, the ban on the export of copper, which had been in effect since 1638, was lifted - then copper was required for minting the Kangyei tsu: ho: coin. Gradually, the volume of exports grew, and in the Genroku years it amounted to 4-5 million kin per year, and with the beginning of copper production at the Bassi mine-up to 6,402,000 kin for Chinese and 2,500,000 kin for Dutch merchants. However, the long-term export of such a large amount of copper proved impossible, which required the creation of a special Bakufu-controlled body.

Back in 1678, the Bakufu granted 16 Osaka merchants, headed by Izumiya Kichizaemon and Osakaya Kyu:zaemon, a license to harvest, remelt, and export copper. Subsequently, their monopoly was transferred to three Edo merchants in exchange for paying an annual tax of R $ 16,000, but they were unable to establish a timely supply of copper, creating disruptions in trade. As a result, in 1701, a bakufu decree established the Osaka Copper Monopoly (do:dza), which was considered a branch of the silver monopoly (ginza). She was assigned to control the collection of copper, including for domestic needs (jiurido:) [Kinsei taigai kankei shiron, pp. 143-148]. In 1715, the total amount of copper exported was 5,000,000 kin, which was distributed among the most famous mines in Japan-Bashi, Tatsukawa (north of Bashi), Akita, Shirane, Tateishi, Osarizawa (Morioka Principality).

In 1749, at the initiative of Matsuura Nobumasa, the governor of Nagasaki and part-time financial controller, the Osaka do:ja was abolished, and instead a government trading post was established to provide copper for export (Nagasaki goyo: do: kaisho). Now Nagasaki kaisho representatives directly purchased raw copper (arado:) from her, which was then sent to the Osaka smelting workshops for melting and processing.:bukia), after which the copper was finally sent to Nagasaki. In 1750, the government set constant purchase prices for copper, with the copper bar as the basis (saodo:) weighing 100 kin. Bakufu measures to reorganize the copper export control system were continued in 1766, when the Osaka copper monopoly was re-established as part of Tanuma Okitsugu's policy of strengthening state monopolies, which was responsible for harvesting copper both for export and for domestic use [Kagawa, 1992, pp. 38, 74-76, 86].

Nisyuban -20 rectangular gold coin of the Edo period.

21 The kokusen tax was already introduced in Sakai in 1680, and in Osaka in 1707 for drainage works in the area of the Aji and Kizu Rivers. Kokusen was abolished everywhere in 1791.

Koku is a measure of vessels ' displacement and is 0.1 registered tons.

page 34
* * *

A study of the functions and specifics of the main bodies of control over Japanese-Chinese trade in Nagasaki in the XVII-XVIII centuries suggests a steady increase in state intervention in foreign trade. This underscores its importance for the Japanese economy, despite the Bakufu's policy of self-isolation, and indicates the complex and ambiguous nature of trade transactions, when the Bakufu's desire to avoid the active export of silver and copper went hand in hand with the merchants ' demands to expand the scope of trade. An analysis of the activities of such departments as Jin Yashiki, Nagasaki Kaisho, and Tawaramono Yakuse shows an increase in cooperation between the central government and the local administration, which can be seen in the combination of civil and military responsibilities of the governor of Nagasaki. The repeated reorganizations of Nagasaki's departments in the direction of their direct subordination to the center helped to gain invaluable experience in conducting trade taking into account the interests of both sides, and also created a flexible tax system through the introduction of the unjo:kin tax.

list of literature

Arai Eiji. Kinsei kaisambutsu bo: ekishi no kenkyu: = A study of the history of the seafood trade in the Kinsei era. Tokyo: Yoshikawa Co.:bunkan, 1977. . 1977.

Iwao Seiichi. Kinsei-no e:gaku to kaigai ko:sho : = Western sciences in the Kinsei era and contacts with foreign countries. Tokyo: Gannando: ssten, 1979. 1979.

Kagawa Takayuki. Kudzureyuku sakoku = A country in a period of isolation, tending to decline. Tokyo: Shu:eisya, 1992., 1992.

Kinsei taigai kankei shiron = Reflections on External Contacts in the Kinsei era. Nakada Yasunao hen. Tokyo: Yuhindo:, 1979., 1979.

Kitajima Masamoto. Edo jidai = Edo Era. Tokyo: Iwanami ssten, 1968. 1968.

Nagasaki kenshi. Sire: Han. Dayenkan = History of Nagasaki Prefecture-Sources. Vol. IV / / Nagasaki kenshi henshu: iinkai. Tokyo: Yoshikawa Co.:bunkan, 1965. 1965.

Nagasaki shishi = History of the city of Nagasaki / / Nagasaki shiyakuse. Osaka: Seibundo:, 1967. , 1967.

Nakamura Tadashi. Kinsei Nagasaki bo: ekishi no kenkyu: = A study of foreign trade in Nagasaki in the Kinsei era. Tokyo: Yoshikawa Co.:bunkan, 1988.. 1988.
A: that Katsuya. Nagasaki bo:eki = Foreign trade in Nagasaki. Tokyo: Do: seiya, 2000. , 2000.

Ofuregaki Tammei shu: sei. Ishii Re:suke, Takayanagi Shinzo: hen = Collection of Precepts of the Temmei era / ed.Ishii Re:suke, Takayanagi Shinzo:.Tokyo:Iwanami seten, 1959.. 1959 .
Suzuki Yasuko. Nagasaki buge:- no kenkyu: = A study on the prefects of Nagasaki. Tokyo: Shibundo:, 2007, 2007.

Shu Toku Ran. Nagasaki kase: bo: eki-no shiteki kenkyu: = A study of the history of foreign trade with China in Nagasaki. Tokyo: Fuyo: sebo:, 1997.. 1997.
To: tsu: ji kaisho jitsuroku. Give me yong kang. Dai Nippon kinsei shire: = Diaries of the Chinese Translators ' Trading Post. Vol. 4. Documents on the history of Japan in the Kinsei era. Tokyo: daigaku shuppankai, 1968. 1968.

Hayashi Rokuro:. Nagasaki then:tsu: ji-O: tsu:ji Hayashi Do: hey to sono shu: heng-Nagasaki Chinese Translators. Senior Translator Hayashi Do:hey and his entourage. Tokyo: Yoshikawa Co.:bunkan, 2000. 2000

Yamawaki Teijiro:. Nagasaki-no to:jin bo: eki = Trade with the Chinese in Nagasaki. Tokyo: Yoshikawa Co.:bunkan, 1964., 1964.

page 35

Permanent link to this publication: