On June 24-25, 2010, the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences hosted the first international scientific conference "Russian Diaspora in the Countries of the East", organized by the Center for the Study of Southeast Asia, Australia and Oceania. Scientists from the Far Eastern State University, the Institute of History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk State University, Ural State University, St. Petersburg State Maritime Technical University, the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Higher School of Economics, RSUH took part in its work. Foreign scientists represent-
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li All Japan Association for the Study of the Eastern Branch of the Russian Diaspora, Aoyama University; University of Malaya (Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia); Australian National University (Canberra, Australia); Auckland Technical University (Auckland, New Zealand).
34 reports presented at the conference covered a wide range of issues related to emigration and the Russian community in eastern countries: Egypt, Turkey, Lebanon, Iran, China and Manchuria, Mongolia, Ceylon, Indochina (Vietnam, Malaysia), Japan, Australia, New Zealand and Vanuatu. The chronological range was also significant: from the 12th century to the present.
The conference raised the issue of the need to create a vertical interdepartmental group "Russian Eastern Diaspora" in the Institute of Information Technology of the Russian Academy of Sciences and to strengthen cooperation with academic institutions and universities, as well as foreign scientists and centers in this area of research.
The Russian World Foundation paid special attention to the conference. G. D. Toloraya, Head of the Regional Programs Department, made a report on its activities in Asia and Africa. He spoke about the great and fruitful work that the Foundation has been carrying out since its establishment in 2007 by decree of President Vladimir Putin. In a number of foreign countries, mainly at universities, Russian centers are organized (there are 57 of them today), which are equipped with modern equipment, specially selected literature, and multimedia publications. They serve both for studying the Russian language and culture, Russian history,as well as for holding various events and communicating. Russian centers attract people from Russia and the USSR, as well as foreigners interested in Russian history, culture, and language. In addition, more modest-scale offices of the "Russian World" are being created, usually on the basis of provincial universities and other educational institutions, as well as organizations of compatriots. Through the grant system, the Foundation promotes the publication of textbooks and textbooks on the Russian language and scientific and educational literature, the organization of conferences and other events related to significant dates in Russian history and culture. The Foundation conducts educational activities and holds annual conferences. Russkiy Mir Assemblies, to which representatives of both the Diaspora and those who study Russia and the Russian language abroad are invited. Russian government ministers, deputies, prominent public figures, and religious leaders usually speak at the assemblies. G. D. Toloraya noted that the conference on the study of the Eastern Russian Diaspora at the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences is of scientific and practical interest, and the reports of its participants will help strengthen ties between research and university centers of the countries and the Russkiy Foundation. the world".
V. P. Nikolaev (IV RAS) made a report "On the study of the Russian Diaspora in the countries of the East" at the Institute of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He noted that the cycle of research on Russian emigration and diaspora in the countries of Asia, North Africa, and the Asia-Pacific region is an important component of the main scientific direction "Russia and the East" in the plans of the Institute's research activities. But if prior to the 1990s the main focus was on studying the bilateral interstate relations between Russia and the USSR and the countries of the East, then later, with the overcoming of ideological and censorship restrictions and the opening of archival materials, there were opportunities to study the eastern Russian diaspora in all its political diversity. Among the most significant topics identified are the following: causes and characteristics of mass and individual emigrations from Russia and the USSR at different historical stages, including modern emigration from the Russian Federation; Russian communities and the activities of emigrant organizations in Eastern countries; the contribution of Russians to the political, economic, scientific and cultural life of their host countries; problems of saving and distribution the Russian language and cultural identity; the role and significance of Orthodoxy in the Russian world. the emigrant environment and the missionary activity of the Orthodox Church in the East. Of particular interest is the study of modern emigration from Russia, which is still poorly studied by scientists. After the collapse of the USSR, the number of eastern countries where Russian diasporas exist increased due to the newly independent states of Central (Central) Asia and the Caucasus (Transcaucasia). The newly emerged diasporas were formed not as a result of resettlement, but as a consequence of the state-territorial division between Russia and the former Soviet republics. "New diasporas" have their own problems and distinctive features. Research on the legal status of Russians, the status of the Russian language, and the preservation of cultural and historical traditions should continue. Task trans-
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the purpose of the international conference "Russian Diaspora in the countries of the East" is to make a kind of "review of forces" and unite scientists of the Institute, to give a certain impetus to continue research on this issue. There is a need to create a vertical, interdepartmental group at the Institute for the study of the Eastern Russian abroad.
V. V. Belyakov's report "Historical waves of Russian Emigration in Egypt" described the peculiarities of the Russian diaspora in the country since the end of the XIX century. and up to the present. Initially, the Russian diaspora was formed mainly from Jews who brought not only Jewish, but also Russian culture and the Russian language to Egypt. The second wave of emigration from Russia was caused by the defeat of the first Russian revolution of 1905 - 1907 and had a political character. Political emigrants conducted political agitation among the crews of Russian ships that called at Egyptian ports. During the First World War, a new wave of Jewish immigrants from the Ottoman Empire, who had Russian passports, flooded into Egypt. The fourth wave consisted of white emigrants-refugees after the defeat in the civil war. By the early 1980s, the white-immigrant Russian diaspora had virtually ceased to exist due to natural decline and the Egyptian government's policy of ousting foreigners. The Russian community, which consisted mainly of highly educated and qualified specialists (doctors, Egyptologists, cultural and artistic figures), made a significant contribution to the enlightenment of Egyptians and the modernization of the country.
Since the late 1960s, a new community of our compatriots has emerged in Egypt-women who married Egyptians. The current formation of the Russian diaspora is connected with the development of mass tourism from Russia to Egypt.
S. N. Uturgauri (Institute of History of the Russian Academy of Sciences) made a report in which, based on the study of newly discovered archival materials, the fact of the deliberate sinking of the yacht "Lucullus" in 1921, which was standing off the European coast of the Bosphorus in Istanbul, was proved. The yacht served as the headquarters of the Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army, General N. P. Wrangel. An Italian-flagged steamer passing through the Strait suddenly changed course abruptly and rammed a yacht at full speed, which Wrangel was not on at that time. It is proved that the attempt was organized by order of Soviet intelligence.
The situation of Russian emigration in Turkey, where in 1920 a significant part of Russian refugees who left their homeland after the evacuation of Russian troops under the command of Wrangel from the Crimea settled, was considered in the report of A. N. Khokhlov (Institute of History of the Russian Academy of Sciences), based on archival data. The speaker showed the contradictory nature of the published information (including in newspapers) regarding the number of Russian emigrants - civilians and military personnel. A particularly interesting source for the disclosure of the subject under consideration was the report of the former chief Prosecutor A. V. Kartashev (1875-1960) "Impressions of a trip to Gallipoli", which he read on December 23, 1921 at a meeting of the London Department of the National Union.
The report" Russians in Lebanon " was made by A.V. Sarabyev (IB RAS). He noted that the Russian diaspora in Lebanon was formed from Russian pilgrims to Holy Places, who mostly settled in coastal cities and Mountainous Lebanon. A large wave of Russian emigrants occurred in the 20s of the XX century - about 3 thousand Russian officers ended up in Lebanon, fleeing from Soviet Russia. Immigrants from the USSR and the Russian Federation have made a great contribution to the Lebanese culture, technical and educational spheres. The Russian Orthodox Church has played an important role in supporting our compatriots. During the Soviet period, the majority of the community was made up of Russian wives of Lebanese military and civilian specialists who were trained in the USSR. Currently, organizations that unite people from Russia are actively working, for example, the Russian Center for Science and Culture in Beirut. Assistance is provided at the state level, primarily through the Federal Agency Rossotrudnichestvo. The Russian diaspora faces a number of tasks to support Russian culture among emigrants, help compatriots in social integration and professional development. An important task is to improve the image of Russia after the crisis in Russia in the 90s of the XX century. as well as due to the ongoing flow of Russian-speaking "live goods" from Ukraine and the southern regions of Russia. In addition to the rapid positive dynamics in the development of Russian-Lebanese relations, the Russian state is clearly very interested in supporting the Russian community in Lebanon, as well as in organizing mass pilgrimages of Russians to the shrines of Lebanon.
D. A. Krasilnikova (HSE) spoke about the situation of Russian specialists working in Iran on the Bushehr nuclear power plant construction. It is concluded that
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The Russian government pays insufficient attention to the problem of "leakage" of Russian highly qualified specialists abroad. And many of them go there irrevocably: some stay there, others support the image of Russia as a great nuclear power. The main reason for labor migration continues to be dissatisfaction with wages. In Iran, a specialist from Balakov, holding a similar position, has the opportunity to receive four to five times more, while the amount is constantly increasing. Thus, Russians are ready to go to an unknown and foreign country to the detriment of their communication with their family, health, habits and lifestyle.
M. L. Dubaev (Institute of History of the Russian Academy of Sciences) in his report "Nicholas Roerich and the Russian Diaspora in Harbin" spoke about a key moment in the fate of the famous artist and public figure Nicholas Roerich, who, faced with the military propaganda machine of Japan, was forced to leave first Harbin, and then China. 1930s - the period when Japanese troops occupied the territory of China and established total control over the diaspora associations of former subjects of the Russian Empire. N. Roerich was unwittingly drawn into the confrontation of groups of Russian emigrants during his second Central Asian expedition, which he carried out with the financial support of the US Department of Agriculture. The Japanese propaganda machine hoped to use Nicholas Roerich as the leader of the eastern branch of Russian emigrants, but Roerich did not want to enter into an alliance with fascist organizations that supported the Japanese occupation authorities. It was this disagreement that prompted the entire Japanese-controlled press to launch harsh criticism and denunciations of Nicholas Roerich. The echo of these publications reached the United States and led to the financial collapse of American organizations. K. Roerich. And nowadays, many journalists reprint the accusations fabricated by the Japanese special services, considering them genuine.
Sergey Smirnov (Ural State University) presented the report "Hostages of Honor: Russian Officers from Manchukuo", dedicated to the place and role of officers - one of the largest and consolidated groups of Russian emigration in North-Eastern China (Manchuria) during the existence of the "independent" state of Manchukuo in this territory (1932-1945). Some of the officers took the path of continuing the struggle, forming the basis of the anti-Bolshevik resistance. After the arrival of Japanese troops in Manchuria and the establishment of the state of Manchukuo (March 1932), officer organizations began to actively cooperate with Japanese intelligence. During the Second World War, there was a split in the emigrant environment, and some Russian officers began to cooperate with Soviet intelligence. After the defeat of Japan in 1945, both those Russian officers who continued to fight the Bolsheviks, and those who helped the Soviet intelligence and troops, were in the hands of SMERSH employees, completing the" way of the cross " of white emigration in the Soviet colonies.
The report "Political and legal status of Russian emigrants in Manchuria (1932-1945)", presented by A. A. Bakulina (Far Eastern State University), concluded that the CER as an object of international tension was the reason that the status of Russian emigrants in China directly depended on changes in the international legal status of the road - all the most important international the agreements led to drastic changes in the situation of Russians in Manchuria. The establishment by Japan of the occupation regime in Manchuria and the creation of the puppet state of Manchukuo led to a change in the political and legal status of Russian emigrants, who were under the control of the Japanese authorities, who created a number of ideological organizations that regulate all spheres of life of emigrants and adopted regulatory legal acts that worsen the situation of Russian settlers in the economic, political and social spheres. In general, from 1932 to 1945, the process of transition of Russians in Manchuria to the position of a "national minority", which was started in the 1920s by the Chinese, finally ended, and since 1945, due to the above factors, the mass departure of Russian emigrants from China begins.
A. N. Khokhlov's report "Russian emigration in China: the first wave of repatriation to the motherland" noted the influence of the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 on the growth of patriotic sentiments among Russian emigrants from foreign countries of the East, and in particular China. It is noteworthy that already during the war years about 2 thousand. Russian emigrants in Shanghai expressed their desire to return to their homeland. Taking into account this attitude, especially among young people, the government of the USSR at the beginning of 1946 significantly simplified the procedure for obtaining Soviet citizenship for emigrants, entrusting the Consulate General in Shanghai with the task of issuing Russian passports. On June 30, 1947, the repatriation of Russian emigrants from China by steamboats to Vietnam began.
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Vladivostok, as a result of which almost all those who arrived here in 1946-1948 (2.5 thousand families) were settled in Siberia and the Urals and were employed mainly in industrial enterprises, with the exception of people of creative professions. The second stage of repatriation in 1954-1955, as the speaker noted, was associated with the development of virgin lands in the USSR, thanks to which more than a thousand families of repatriates settled in rural areas, which made it possible to raise the overall level of agricultural production.
V. Y. Arkhipov (Institute of History of the Russian Academy of Sciences) shared his memories of the Russian community in China, which he observed during an internship in 1950 in Tianjin. He said that although Harbin was the main attraction for Russian emigration in China, a large number of Russians also lived in Tianjin, where they were mainly involved in foreign trade operations. The Russians received Soviet passports of a special type, which do not give them the right to freely enter the USSR. Many Russians in Tianjin were united in the so-called Soviet Citizens ' Club. The Consulate General of the USSR supervised the club's activities. Only authorized employees of the consulate could maintain contacts with the Russians.
A. S. Kadyrbaev's speech (IB RAS) "From Karakorum to Khanbalyk and Sarai: Russians in the Mongol Empires of the XIII-XVI centuries" was devoted to the role of Russians in the courts of the Mongol khans, starting from the time of the first heirs of Genghis Khan - the great khans of the world Mongol power centered in Karakorum before and after its collapse into separate Mongol states - The Yuan Empire with its capital in Khanbalik on the site of modern Beijing and the Golden Horde with its capital in Sarai in the Lower Volga region. Russian regiments fought in the Mongol forces. There were marriages between the nobility of Russia and Mongolia. Russian-Mongolian relations were characterized by breadth and diversity.
In her report "The situation of the Russian Diaspora in modern Mongolia", E. V. Boikova (Institute of History of the Russian Academy of Sciences) presented a periodization of the main waves of Russian emigration to Mongolia and its causes, starting from the middle of the XIX century, when Russians officially received the opportunity to live in this country, which was then part of the Qing Empire. In 1912-1919, the number of Russians was approximately 5 thousand. The number of the Russian diaspora in Mongolia increased significantly during the Soviet period, mainly due to Soviet specialists sent on secondment, and in the late 1980s it amounted to approximately 20 thousand people (including Russians who received a residence permit in Mongolia).
During the political and economic crisis of the 1990s in Mongolia, the situation of the Russian diaspora noticeably worsened. Many Russians permanently residing in this country have lost their jobs, social benefits and previously existing benefits. Veterans, pensioners and low-income families found themselves in the most difficult situation. The situation of the Russian diaspora in the last 20 years has been influenced by political processes in Mongolia, in particular the change in the nature of Russian-Mongolian relations in the early 1990s. Currently, the number of Russians permanently and temporarily residing in Mongolia is approximately 2 thousand people. The size of the diaspora is decreasing both due to the outflow of permanent residents and due to a decrease in the number of Russian specialists. E. V. Boikova analyzed the conditions in which the Russian diaspora of Mongolia currently exists, and came to the conclusion that its role in the socio-political life of the country is insignificant.
L. G. Skorodumova (RSUH) in her report "Russian-Mongolian literary relations at the present stage" noted that the Europeanization of Mongolia in the XX century. close ties with the Soviet Union helped-several generations of modern Mongols were brought up on the best examples of the Russian school (from 1921 to the end of the 1990s, approximately 34 thousand Mongolian citizens received higher education in 300 specialties in higher education institutions of the USSR). A huge part of Mongolian culture consists of translated literature from the Russian language. Almost all significant works of Russian and Soviet classics have been translated into Mongolian. Translated literature is now an organic part of our own national literature. After 1990, a number of new translated books were published from Russian: collections of short stories by A. P. Chekhov, L. N. Tolstoy, poems by A. Akhmatova, S. Yesenin, I. Brodsky, etc. To mark the 200th anniversary of the birth of A. S. Pushkin in 1999-2000, several books of the poet were published in Mongolian.
A. A. Kirichenko (IB RAS) in his report "Russian defectors to Japan on the eve and during World War II" noted three waves of Russian emigration to Japan. First , after the revolution, several hundred Russians left their homeland and found refuge in Japan. The authorities of this country did not really welcome newcomers, and most of the emigrants moved to other countries.
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Some of them remained and made a significant contribution to the development of Japanese society, especially in the field of culture. The second was when Japan occupied Manchuria in 1931 and faced a significant number of immigrants from Russia who left their homeland after the Bolsheviks came to power in the Far East. The Japanese military authorities in 1932-1933 tried to restore order in the emigrant environment and organized the Bureau of Russian Emigrants (BREM). All documentation about the activities of BREM in August 1945 was captured by the Soviet task force, and now part of it is open for research in Khabarovsk.
Russian emigration to Japan was actively used by the Japanese in various actions of a reconnaissance and sabotage nature against the northern neighbor. But the neighbor did the same. From among the emigrant youth, a significant part of which was already born in Manchuria, a special detachment was even formed, which, however, did not have time to prove itself in the fighting in August 1945 against the Red Army and was almost completely captured.
The third wave is defectors and deserters. When collectivization began in the USSR, some Far Eastern and coastal peasants tried to escape to Manchuria. Some of them succeeded. Public figures who did not agree with Stalin's domestic policy also left the country. Thus, the Komsomol worker K. Rodzaevsky, after arriving in Manchuria, organized the "Russian Fascist Party"with the help of the Japanese. In 1945, he was captured in Manchuria and convicted. Huge damage to the interests of the USSR was caused by the former head of the NKVD department for the Far Eastern Territory, NKVD Commissar of the 3rd rank (Lieutenant General) G. S. Lyushkov, who on June 13, 1938, in the area of Lake Khasan, defected to the Japanese and became an adviser to Japanese military intelligence. His escape led to the famous events at Lake Hassan.
The number of defectors from the Soviet side increased especially after the outbreak of World War II, when soldiers from the Far Eastern units and the Pacific Fleet deserted and tried to make their way to Manchuria. Most were detained, but about 400 people still surrendered to the Japanese. However, the Japanese military authorities treated them with suspicion and placed them in a special filtration camp. In 1945, these individuals were detained, and their further fate is unknown.
If we analyze the past of Russian emigration in Japan and Manchuria, many of its representatives were subjected to unjustifiably cruel and unfair repressions. So, after the sale of the CER in 1935 to the Japanese (or Manchukuo), several thousand employees who had Soviet citizenship left for their homeland, where two years later, on Ezhov's orders, they were repressed. In the end, there was no one to send as a witness from the so - called Harbin residents to the Tokyo Tribunal, which was held in 1946-1948.
After the defeat of the Japanese in 1945, many emigrants who returned to the USSR were repressed or subjected to various restrictions.
T. N. Zagorodnikova (Institute of History of the Russian Academy of Sciences) in her report "The Russian community in Ceylon in 1898-1914" showed that a small (10 - 15 people in different years) Russian colony consisted mainly of agents of tea trading firms and employees of the vice-consulate, as well as numerous travelers who specially sailed to the island or stragglers from the steamers of the Volunteer Fleet on the way from Odessa to the Far East or back. As tea purchases steadily increased and the development of the Far East continued, the Russian community in Ceylon also had prospects for development, but the First World War cut off many trade ties, blocking transport routes in the World's oceans, and the October Revolution and the chaos that followed made it impossible to restore them.
P. E. Podalko, Executive Director of the Association (Aoyama Gakuin University, Japan), presented the report "All-Japan Association for the Study of the Eastern Branch of the Russian Diaspora (a brief historical sketch)". The Association was founded in 1978 on the initiative of Professor Nakamura Yoshikazu (Hitotsubashi University) and Professor Yasui Ryohei (Waseda University), initially as a small circle of scientists representing different, often not very contiguous areas of scientific knowledge, who were united at that time (and continue to be united to this day, despite the fact that the number of members has grown several times over the years, and the scope of their research has expanded even further) interest in Russian culture and its connection with the Japanese cultural tradition.
In the early 1990s, against the backdrop of numerous political, economic and social changes in Eastern Europe, the most significant of which was the collapse of the Soviet Union, there was an extraordinary interest in recent events and their cultural and historical consequences, in particular, in the phenomenon of mass emigration from many European countries.
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The First World War and the subsequent revolution in Russia, which caused an incredible amount of emigration from almost all regions of the former empire, was the beginning of the 20th century. Japan was also not left out, where Russian refugees also flocked and where the phenomenon of emigration was unique. On December 6, 1995, the founding meeting of the Association for the Study of the Eastern Branch of the Russian Diaspora in the form in which it exists to this day was held.
The first priority was to collect statistics on the number and personalities of the Russian emigration to Japan in as much detail as possible. Since it was intended not only to study specific examples of its cultural influence on Japanese society, but also to identify the features of the emigrants ' daily life and activities, the goal was to collect as much factual material as possible, including and in the course of conducting interviews with the surviving representatives of three waves of Russian emigration in Japan at that time.
At the same time, combined collections of articles under the general title "Ike-ni ikiru" ("Life in a Foreign Land") continued to be published; five published collections were published in two versions: for sale (in hardcover with a bright design) and as a regular collection of scientific articles (in paperback). In addition, the association has established its own periodical "Ike" ("Second Homeland"), published, like most collections of articles, with the active participation of the publishing house "Seibunsha", which is also open to all people who are interested in Russian-Japanese cultural ties and want to publish on their topic (published on average during the year). four issues of Ike). Every year, the association holds five extended meetings, hearing three reports at each of them, followed by a discussion.
The second report of P. E. Podalko, "The current state of the Russian Diaspora in Japan", was devoted to the analysis of the composition of Russians forming the current community, which is extremely heterogeneous in its position in Japanese society. A small part of the population consists of emigrants of the early waves and their descendants. Migrant workers are represented by highly qualified specialists, higher school teachers, and scientists. Communities are replenished at the expense of Russian wives who have married Japanese. The Russian diaspora is extremely limited in the right to naturalize and obtain Japanese citizenship. For the development of interstate Russian-Japanese relations, the existence of a Russian community in Japan is important.
V. A. Pogadaev (University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia) presented the report "Russian Diaspora in Malaysia". The author has established that the Russian diaspora in Malaysia began to form in the 1990s with the advent of freedom to travel abroad from Russia. Currently, according to various estimates, its number ranges from 2 thousand to 2.5 thousand people. These are mainly wives of Russian and foreign citizens working in international companies, wives of Malaysian citizens (who studied in Russia), Russian businessmen and their families (in the tourism and gas and oil business), scientists and teachers working in local universities (Russian language, exact and natural sciences), sports coaches. Almost all Russians retain Russian citizenship, because the process of obtaining Malaysian citizenship is incredibly complicated, and besides, Malaysia does not recognize dual citizenship. Russian women rarely marry Malays, because this entails converting to Islam, and form families with local Chinese or natives of India. The Russian Center for Science and Culture does a great job among the Diaspora, organizing meetings and celebrations of Russian holidays, as well as prayer services with the invitation of Orthodox priests from Singapore. Some Russians regularly visit the Kuala Lumpur-based Syriac Orthodox Church. Representatives of the diaspora actively communicate with each other through a special website on the Internet "Russians in Malaysia".
A. A. Sokolov (IB RAS) in his report "Russians in Vietnam" gave a brief overview of the history of the Russian diaspora in Vietnam from the second half of the XIX century to the first decade of the XXI century. The period covering the first half of the last century was described in particular detail. The Russian colony in Vietnam in those years was represented mainly by people from the white emigration environment-employees of French administrative and scientific institutions (the Pasteur Institute, the Oceanographic Institute, etc.), as well as the military contingent of the Foreign Legion. The speaker told about his meetings with Russian emigrants who lived in French Indochina in the 1920s and 1930s (O. I. Ilina, Laille, O. F. Lehner, etc.).
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O. E. Timofeeva (Irkutsk State University) presented the report "Soviet specialists in Vietnam in 1965 - 1975: contribution to the victory of the Vietnamese people and participation in the post-war development of the country". The author concludes that Soviet specialists made a significant contribution to the victory of the Vietnamese people in their struggle against American aggression, as well as their significant participation in the reconstruction of the country after the war.
Massov A. Ya. (Saint Petersburg State Marine Engineering University) un-t) made a report " The activities of Russian non-staff consuls to protect the subjects of the Russian Empire at the initial stage of the formation of the Russian diaspora in Australia (1857-1894)". He noted that in the second half of the XIX century. There were already quite a few immigrants from the Russian Empire in the Australian migrant colonies. Their appearance was not yet the result of purposeful emigration, but rather the result of life's troubles and adventures. Even at this early stage, Russian non-staff consuls in Melbourne and Sydney defended the interests of Russian citizens to the best of their ability, thus establishing a tradition of working with Russian emigration in Australia. Their experience was in demand by Russian full-time consuls at the beginning of the 20th century, when systematic emigration from Russia began to Australia.
A.V. Antoshin (Ural State University) analyzed the role of the political sphere in the life of the Russian diaspora in Australia during the Cold War. Based on the study of archival sources and materials of the emigrant periodical press, the activities of the main political associations of the Russian diaspora in Australia were highlighted. The speaker came to the conclusion that the Russian diaspora in the country during this period was split along ideological and political lines, including both irreconcilable anti-communists and people who sympathized with the Soviet Union.
S. A. Prudkoglyad (Far Eastern State University) in her report "Charitable assistance of Russian Australians to Russia" noted that the first Russian charitable organization, the purpose of which was to help compatriots, was the Australian Society for Assistance to Political Convicts and Exiled Settlers in Russia, created by political emigrants in Brisbane, which existed from 1912 to 1917. Its tasks included providing material and moral support to prisoners in Russia. Membership fees, donations, as well as funds from cultural events were the main source of funding for charitable activities. At the same time, similar societies were established in Sydney and Melbourne.
During the Second World War, the Russian Committee for Assistance to the Motherland was formed, which was included as the Russian section in the Australian society " Medical Assistance for Russia "(headed by J. R. R. Tolkien). Street). Even hatred of the Soviet government could not outweigh the feelings of patriotism among the White emigrants, who during this period made up the overwhelming majority of Russian immigration to Australia. Money, medicines, and clothing were actively collected. The "Sheepskins for Russia!" movement, which was developing in Australia at that time, also found support among the Russians, and the workers engaged in making sheep skins were released from military service by the government.
A surge in charitable assistance from Russian Australians to Russia was observed in the 1990s.
A. S. Petrikovskaya (Institute of Cultural Relations of the Russian Academy of Sciences) in her report "Cultural relations between Australia and Russia: the role of the Russian Diaspora" found that, despite the small size, dispersion of the ethnic group, priority of survival and a limited layer of the elite, the cultural presence of Russians is already evident in the 1920s - 1930s and increases with post-war immigration. An important milestone of mutual understanding and increased importance of Russia (USSR) is the inclusion of Russian studies in higher school programs (1940-1960-ies). The last quarter of the XX century is a new period in the life of the diaspora: the transition to the policy of multiculturalism (mid-1970s) and the growth of social activity; creativity under the sign of understanding the historical path; the end of the Soviet era and the massive influx of compatriots. Differences in orientations are noted between the" old " diaspora with its white-immigrant, monarchical, Orthodox-cultural basis and the new layers, which are characterized by ethnic and confessional heterogeneity, the predominance of the intelligentsia, and the incentive for new labor and economic opportunities. If the magazine "Australiada" (since 1994) has the mission of a bearer of historical memory, then the emphasis of the almanac "Australian Mosaic" (since 2001) with all the variety of content - an introduction to a new world. The unifying trend is manifested in the construction of spiritual, cultural and scientific bridges with the new Russia with the assistance of Russian public and scientific institutions. The participation of Australian Russians in the literary process of the new Russia is noteworthy.
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In the report of G. I. Kanevskaya (Far Eastern State University) "The contribution of Russian Australians to the development of science on the fifth continent", it was noted that the scientific activity of Russian immigrants indicates their significant contribution to the science of Australia. They have achieved high academic degrees, held positions in leading scientific institutions, and become professors in Australian higher education institutions. They own scientific discoveries, inventions, and patents. The Russians proved themselves in various branches of science, made contributions to medicine, and to the study of the flora and fauna of the fifth continent. At the same time, it should be noted that Russian immigrants, whose diplomas were not recognized, had to overcome many difficulties in order to prove their professionalism and confirm their academic degrees. World-renowned Russian scientists worked in Australia, but few people in Russia know about them.
The report of N. S. Skorobogatykh (IB RAS) is devoted to the role of the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad (ROCOR) in the formation of the Russian Diaspora in Australia. In the countries of the diaspora, and in particular in the Australian Union, the church has played the role of guardian of not only religious, but also ethno-cultural traditions and has become a rallying force for the two largest waves of emigration from Russia: post-revolutionary and post-war.
E. V. Govor (Australian national. un-t) made a presentation "From Australia to the Gulag". Australia permeated the metaphysical space of the GULAG in the most bizarre way. In the dungeons of Stalin's prisons and camps, the fates of Russian Australologists and travelers to Australia, re-emigrants and Australians converged. The report traces the life stories of naturalist A. Yashchenko, revolutionary A. Zuzenko, poet-songwriter S. Alymov, Australian Coral Sutcliffe-Mityanina and communards from Cairns who came to Kirsanov.
The second report of E. V. Govor "The history of Russians in Australia: electronic resources for information search" contained valuable information about the possibilities of using the Australian archives containing numerous documents on the history of the Russian diaspora in Australia.
E. V. Rudnikova (Institute of History, Archeology and Ethnography, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences) made a report "Russians in New Zealand: the history of their presence". The report, dedicated to one of the most poorly studied topics in the historiography of the Russian diaspora, examines the main periods of Russian migration to New Zealand. Russian citizens were already among the first European settlers here. In 1845, just five years after the country was officially declared a colony of Great Britain, I. Zolotarevsky, a native of Smolensk, received the status of its permanent resident. By 1914, there were at least a thousand former Russians living in New Zealand. The next two small waves of immigrants were associated with the revolution of 1917 (refugees, soldiers and officers of the white army, "Semirechensk Cossacks", etc.) and the Second World War (Russians who lived in Europe after the October Revolution, "displaced persons", etc.). By 1956, there were already 740 people in New Zealand - natives of Russia and the USSR. Then there were two streams of religious refugees from China (1958 and 1965). In the 1970s and 1980s, approximately 300 ethnic Jews from the Soviet Union moved here. Since the beginning of the 1990s, the post-Soviet period of emigration began, as a result of which at least 5 thousand people live in New Zealand on a permanent basis. a person of only ethnic Russians - former Russian citizens.
O. B. Opara (Auckland Technical University, New Zealand) in her report "The Russian Diaspora in New Zealand" identified real opportunities for studying the Russian community in the country. Unfortunately, among the questions contained in the census forms, there is no definition of nationality, and answers about the place of birth or the native language can give erroneous information for identifying a person as belonging to Russian. The size of the Russian community, therefore, can be indicated with a probable degree of error.
L. A. Ivanova (Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of the Russian Academy of Sciences) presented the report "N. N. Mishutushkin and Russian-Vanuatuan relations". She noted that sporadic contacts between Russians and the inhabitants of the Vanuatu archipelago (formerly New Hebrides) date back 201 years. N. N. Mishutushkin (1929 - 2010), a descendant of Russian emigrants of the first wave, an artist, collector, traveler, fashion designer, businessman and public figure, who lived in the New Hebrides from 1962 until his death, is associated with regular cultural and scientific relations between the two countries. They put it this way: 1) in holding 12 exhibitions "Ethnography and Art of Oceania" in nine cities of the USSR from 1979 to 1986; 2) in 1994 - the exhibition" Vanuatu in the Mirror of Arts " (St. Petersburg); 3) in joint publications of ethnographic materials of exhibitions, 4) in fruitful cooperation with the Academy of Sciences of our country at the National Exhibition Center. for 30 years, uch-
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he presented 100 ethnographic objects from Oceania to the Republic of Vanuatu; 5) initiated the creation and opening of a monument to Lieutenant V. M. Golovnin, the first Russian to visit the New Hebrides, on July 28, 2009 in Port Vila, the capital of the Republic of Vanuatu; 6) participated in various forums of the Russian Diaspora both in Australia and in Russia.
The conference showed that among Russian Orientalists-historians, cultural scientists, and literary critics-there are many specialists who study the Russian diaspora in the countries of the East. Creative contacts were established between scientists of the Institute of Social Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences and specialists from research institutes and universities in the country, as well as with foreign centers where problems of Russian communities are studied. IV RAS is ready to become an organizer and coordinator of research in this area.
page 157On June 24-25, 2010, the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences hosted the first international scientific conference "Russian Diaspora in the Countries of the East", organized by the Center for the Study of Southeast Asia, Australia and Oceania. Scientists from the Far Eastern State University, the Institute of History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk State University, Ural State University, St. Petersburg State Maritime Technical University, the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Higher School of Economics, RSUH took part in its work. Foreign scientists represent-
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li All Japan Association for the Study of the Eastern Branch of the Russian Diaspora, Aoyama University; University of Malaya (Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia); Australian National University (Canberra, Australia); Auckland Technical University (Auckland, New Zealand).
34 reports presented at the conference covered a wide range of issues related to emigration and the Russian community in eastern countries: Egypt, Turkey, Lebanon, Iran, China and Manchuria, Mongolia, Ceylon, Indochina (Vietnam, Malaysia), Japan, Australia, New Zealand and Vanuatu. The chronological range was also significant: from the 12th century to the present.
The conference raised the issue of the need to create a vertical interdepartmental group "Russian Eastern Diaspora" in the Institute of Information Technology of the Russian Academy of Sciences and to strengthen cooperation with academic institutions and universities, as well as foreign scientists and centers in this area of research.
The Russian World Foundation paid special attention to the conference. G. D. Toloraya, Head of the Regional Programs Department, made a report on its activities in Asia and Africa. He spoke about the great and fruitful work that the Foundation has been carrying out since its establishment in 2007 by decree of President Vladimir Putin. In a number of foreign countries, mainly at universities, Russian centers are organized (there are 57 of them today), which are equipped with modern equipment, specially selected literature, and multimedia publications. They serve both for studying the Russian language and culture, Russian history,as well as for holding various events and communicating. Russian centers attract people from Russia and the USSR, as well as foreigners interested in Russian history, culture, and language. In addition, more modest-scale offices of the "Russian World" are being created, usually on the basis of provincial universities and other educational institutions, as well as organizations of compatriots. Through the grant system, the Foundation promotes the publication of textbooks and textbooks on the Russian language and scientific and educational literature, the organization of conferences and other events related to significant dates in Russian history and culture. The Foundation conducts educational activities and holds annual conferences. Russkiy Mir Assemblies, to which representatives of both the Diaspora and those who study Russia and the Russian language abroad are invited. Russian government ministers, deputies, prominent public figures, and religious leaders usually speak at the assemblies. G. D. Toloraya noted that the conference on the study of the Eastern Russian Diaspora at the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences is of scientific and practical interest, and the reports of its participants will help strengthen ties between research and university centers of the countries and the Russkiy Foundation. the world".
V. P. Nikolaev (IV RAS) made a report "On the study of the Russian Diaspora in the countries of the East" at the Institute of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He noted that the cycle of research on Russian emigration and diaspora in the countries of Asia, North Africa, and the Asia-Pacific region is an important component of the main scientific direction "Russia and the East" in the plans of the Institute's research activities. But if prior to the 1990s the main focus was on studying the bilateral interstate relations between Russia and the USSR and the countries of the East, then later, with the overcoming of ideological and censorship restrictions and the opening of archival materials, there were opportunities to study the eastern Russian diaspora in all its political diversity. Among the most significant topics identified are the following: causes and characteristics of mass and individual emigrations from Russia and the USSR at different historical stages, including modern emigration from the Russian Federation; Russian communities and the activities of emigrant organizations in Eastern countries; the contribution of Russians to the political, economic, scientific and cultural life of their host countries; problems of saving and distribution the Russian language and cultural identity; the role and significance of Orthodoxy in the Russian world. the emigrant environment and the missionary activity of the Orthodox Church in the East. Of particular interest is the study of modern emigration from Russia, which is still poorly studied by scientists. After the collapse of the USSR, the number of eastern countries where Russian diasporas exist increased due to the newly independent states of Central (Central) Asia and the Caucasus (Transcaucasia). The newly emerged diasporas were formed not as a result of resettlement, but as a consequence of the state-territorial division between Russia and the former Soviet republics. "New diasporas" have their own problems and distinctive features. Research on the legal status of Russians, the status of the Russian language, and the preservation of cultural and historical traditions should continue. Task trans-
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the purpose of the international conference "Russian Diaspora in the countries of the East" is to make a kind of "review of forces" and unite scientists of the Institute, to give a certain impetus to continue research on this issue. There is a need to create a vertical, interdepartmental group at the Institute for the study of the Eastern Russian abroad.
V. V. Belyakov's report "Historical waves of Russian Emigration in Egypt" described the peculiarities of the Russian diaspora in the country since the end of the XIX century. and up to the present. Initially, the Russian diaspora was formed mainly from Jews who brought not only Jewish, but also Russian culture and the Russian language to Egypt. The second wave of emigration from Russia was caused by the defeat of the first Russian revolution of 1905 - 1907 and had a political character. Political emigrants conducted political agitation among the crews of Russian ships that called at Egyptian ports. During the First World War, a new wave of Jewish immigrants from the Ottoman Empire, who had Russian passports, flooded into Egypt. The fourth wave consisted of white emigrants-refugees after the defeat in the civil war. By the early 1980s, the white-immigrant Russian diaspora had virtually ceased to exist due to natural decline and the Egyptian government's policy of ousting foreigners. The Russian community, which consisted mainly of highly educated and qualified specialists (doctors, Egyptologists, cultural and artistic figures), made a significant contribution to the enlightenment of Egyptians and the modernization of the country.
Since the late 1960s, a new community of our compatriots has emerged in Egypt-women who married Egyptians. The current formation of the Russian diaspora is connected with the development of mass tourism from Russia to Egypt.
S. N. Uturgauri (Institute of History of the Russian Academy of Sciences) made a report in which, based on the study of newly discovered archival materials, the fact of the deliberate sinking of the yacht "Lucullus" in 1921, which was standing off the European coast of the Bosphorus in Istanbul, was proved. The yacht served as the headquarters of the Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army, General N. P. Wrangel. An Italian-flagged steamer passing through the Strait suddenly changed course abruptly and rammed a yacht at full speed, which Wrangel was not on at that time. It is proved that the attempt was organized by order of Soviet intelligence.
The situation of Russian emigration in Turkey, where in 1920 a significant part of Russian refugees who left their homeland after the evacuation of Russian troops under the command of Wrangel from the Crimea settled, was considered in the report of A. N. Khokhlov (Institute of History of the Russian Academy of Sciences), based on archival data. The speaker showed the contradictory nature of the published information (including in newspapers) regarding the number of Russian emigrants - civilians and military personnel. A particularly interesting source for the disclosure of the subject under consideration was the report of the former chief Prosecutor A. V. Kartashev (1875-1960) "Impressions of a trip to Gallipoli", which he read on December 23, 1921 at a meeting of the London Department of the National Union.
The report" Russians in Lebanon " was made by A.V. Sarabyev (IB RAS). He noted that the Russian diaspora in Lebanon was formed from Russian pilgrims to Holy Places, who mostly settled in coastal cities and Mountainous Lebanon. A large wave of Russian emigrants occurred in the 20s of the XX century - about 3 thousand Russian officers ended up in Lebanon, fleeing from Soviet Russia. Immigrants from the USSR and the Russian Federation have made a great contribution to the Lebanese culture, technical and educational spheres. The Russian Orthodox Church has played an important role in supporting our compatriots. During the Soviet period, the majority of the community was made up of Russian wives of Lebanese military and civilian specialists who were trained in the USSR. Currently, organizations that unite people from Russia are actively working, for example, the Russian Center for Science and Culture in Beirut. Assistance is provided at the state level, primarily through the Federal Agency Rossotrudnichestvo. The Russian diaspora faces a number of tasks to support Russian culture among emigrants, help compatriots in social integration and professional development. An important task is to improve the image of Russia after the crisis in Russia in the 90s of the XX century. as well as due to the ongoing flow of Russian-speaking "live goods" from Ukraine and the southern regions of Russia. In addition to the rapid positive dynamics in the development of Russian-Lebanese relations, the Russian state is clearly very interested in supporting the Russian community in Lebanon, as well as in organizing mass pilgrimages of Russians to the shrines of Lebanon.
D. A. Krasilnikova (HSE) spoke about the situation of Russian specialists working in Iran on the Bushehr nuclear power plant construction. It is concluded that
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The Russian government pays insufficient attention to the problem of "leakage" of Russian highly qualified specialists abroad. And many of them go there irrevocably: some stay there, others support the image of Russia as a great nuclear power. The main reason for labor migration continues to be dissatisfaction with wages. In Iran, a specialist from Balakov, holding a similar position, has the opportunity to receive four to five times more, while the amount is constantly increasing. Thus, Russians are ready to go to an unknown and foreign country to the detriment of their communication with their family, health, habits and lifestyle.
M. L. Dubaev (Institute of History of the Russian Academy of Sciences) in his report "Nicholas Roerich and the Russian Diaspora in Harbin" spoke about a key moment in the fate of the famous artist and public figure Nicholas Roerich, who, faced with the military propaganda machine of Japan, was forced to leave first Harbin, and then China. 1930s - the period when Japanese troops occupied the territory of China and established total control over the diaspora associations of former subjects of the Russian Empire. N. Roerich was unwittingly drawn into the confrontation of groups of Russian emigrants during his second Central Asian expedition, which he carried out with the financial support of the US Department of Agriculture. The Japanese propaganda machine hoped to use Nicholas Roerich as the leader of the eastern branch of Russian emigrants, but Roerich did not want to enter into an alliance with fascist organizations that supported the Japanese occupation authorities. It was this disagreement that prompted the entire Japanese-controlled press to launch harsh criticism and denunciations of Nicholas Roerich. The echo of these publications reached the United States and led to the financial collapse of American organizations. K. Roerich. And nowadays, many journalists reprint the accusations fabricated by the Japanese special services, considering them genuine.
Sergey Smirnov (Ural State University) presented the report "Hostages of Honor: Russian Officers from Manchukuo", dedicated to the place and role of officers - one of the largest and consolidated groups of Russian emigration in North-Eastern China (Manchuria) during the existence of the "independent" state of Manchukuo in this territory (1932-1945). Some of the officers took the path of continuing the struggle, forming the basis of the anti-Bolshevik resistance. After the arrival of Japanese troops in Manchuria and the establishment of the state of Manchukuo (March 1932), officer organizations began to actively cooperate with Japanese intelligence. During the Second World War, there was a split in the emigrant environment, and some Russian officers began to cooperate with Soviet intelligence. After the defeat of Japan in 1945, both those Russian officers who continued to fight the Bolsheviks, and those who helped the Soviet intelligence and troops, were in the hands of SMERSH employees, completing the" way of the cross " of white emigration in the Soviet colonies.
The report "Political and legal status of Russian emigrants in Manchuria (1932-1945)", presented by A. A. Bakulina (Far Eastern State University), concluded that the CER as an object of international tension was the reason that the status of Russian emigrants in China directly depended on changes in the international legal status of the road - all the most important international the agreements led to drastic changes in the situation of Russians in Manchuria. The establishment by Japan of the occupation regime in Manchuria and the creation of the puppet state of Manchukuo led to a change in the political and legal status of Russian emigrants, who were under the control of the Japanese authorities, who created a number of ideological organizations that regulate all spheres of life of emigrants and adopted regulatory legal acts that worsen the situation of Russian settlers in the economic, political and social spheres. In general, from 1932 to 1945, the process of transition of Russians in Manchuria to the position of a "national minority", which was started in the 1920s by the Chinese, finally ended, and since 1945, due to the above factors, the mass departure of Russian emigrants from China begins.
A. N. Khokhlov's report "Russian emigration in China: the first wave of repatriation to the motherland" noted the influence of the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 on the growth of patriotic sentiments among Russian emigrants from foreign countries of the East, and in particular China. It is noteworthy that already during the war years about 2 thousand. Russian emigrants in Shanghai expressed their desire to return to their homeland. Taking into account this attitude, especially among young people, the government of the USSR at the beginning of 1946 significantly simplified the procedure for obtaining Soviet citizenship for emigrants, entrusting the Consulate General in Shanghai with the task of issuing Russian passports. On June 30, 1947, the repatriation of Russian emigrants from China by steamboats to Vietnam began.
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Vladivostok, as a result of which almost all those who arrived here in 1946-1948 (2.5 thousand families) were settled in Siberia and the Urals and were employed mainly in industrial enterprises, with the exception of people of creative professions. The second stage of repatriation in 1954-1955, as the speaker noted, was associated with the development of virgin lands in the USSR, thanks to which more than a thousand families of repatriates settled in rural areas, which made it possible to raise the overall level of agricultural production.
V. Y. Arkhipov (Institute of History of the Russian Academy of Sciences) shared his memories of the Russian community in China, which he observed during an internship in 1950 in Tianjin. He said that although Harbin was the main attraction for Russian emigration in China, a large number of Russians also lived in Tianjin, where they were mainly involved in foreign trade operations. The Russians received Soviet passports of a special type, which do not give them the right to freely enter the USSR. Many Russians in Tianjin were united in the so-called Soviet Citizens ' Club. The Consulate General of the USSR supervised the club's activities. Only authorized employees of the consulate could maintain contacts with the Russians.
A. S. Kadyrbaev's speech (IB RAS) "From Karakorum to Khanbalyk and Sarai: Russians in the Mongol Empires of the XIII-XVI centuries" was devoted to the role of Russians in the courts of the Mongol khans, starting from the time of the first heirs of Genghis Khan - the great khans of the world Mongol power centered in Karakorum before and after its collapse into separate Mongol states - The Yuan Empire with its capital in Khanbalik on the site of modern Beijing and the Golden Horde with its capital in Sarai in the Lower Volga region. Russian regiments fought in the Mongol forces. There were marriages between the nobility of Russia and Mongolia. Russian-Mongolian relations were characterized by breadth and diversity.
In her report "The situation of the Russian Diaspora in modern Mongolia", E. V. Boikova (Institute of History of the Russian Academy of Sciences) presented a periodization of the main waves of Russian emigration to Mongolia and its causes, starting from the middle of the XIX century, when Russians officially received the opportunity to live in this country, which was then part of the Qing Empire. In 1912-1919, the number of Russians was approximately 5 thousand. The number of the Russian diaspora in Mongolia increased significantly during the Soviet period, mainly due to Soviet specialists sent on secondment, and in the late 1980s it amounted to approximately 20 thousand people (including Russians who received a residence permit in Mongolia).
During the political and economic crisis of the 1990s in Mongolia, the situation of the Russian diaspora noticeably worsened. Many Russians permanently residing in this country have lost their jobs, social benefits and previously existing benefits. Veterans, pensioners and low-income families found themselves in the most difficult situation. The situation of the Russian diaspora in the last 20 years has been influenced by political processes in Mongolia, in particular the change in the nature of Russian-Mongolian relations in the early 1990s. Currently, the number of Russians permanently and temporarily residing in Mongolia is approximately 2 thousand people. The size of the diaspora is decreasing both due to the outflow of permanent residents and due to a decrease in the number of Russian specialists. E. V. Boikova analyzed the conditions in which the Russian diaspora of Mongolia currently exists, and came to the conclusion that its role in the socio-political life of the country is insignificant.
L. G. Skorodumova (RSUH) in her report "Russian-Mongolian literary relations at the present stage" noted that the Europeanization of Mongolia in the XX century. close ties with the Soviet Union helped-several generations of modern Mongols were brought up on the best examples of the Russian school (from 1921 to the end of the 1990s, approximately 34 thousand Mongolian citizens received higher education in 300 specialties in higher education institutions of the USSR). A huge part of Mongolian culture consists of translated literature from the Russian language. Almost all significant works of Russian and Soviet classics have been translated into Mongolian. Translated literature is now an organic part of our own national literature. After 1990, a number of new translated books were published from Russian: collections of short stories by A. P. Chekhov, L. N. Tolstoy, poems by A. Akhmatova, S. Yesenin, I. Brodsky, etc. To mark the 200th anniversary of the birth of A. S. Pushkin in 1999-2000, several books of the poet were published in Mongolian.
A. A. Kirichenko (IB RAS) in his report "Russian defectors to Japan on the eve and during World War II" noted three waves of Russian emigration to Japan. First , after the revolution, several hundred Russians left their homeland and found refuge in Japan. The authorities of this country did not really welcome newcomers, and most of the emigrants moved to other countries.
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Some of them remained and made a significant contribution to the development of Japanese society, especially in the field of culture. The second was when Japan occupied Manchuria in 1931 and faced a significant number of immigrants from Russia who left their homeland after the Bolsheviks came to power in the Far East. The Japanese military authorities in 1932-1933 tried to restore order in the emigrant environment and organized the Bureau of Russian Emigrants (BREM). All documentation about the activities of BREM in August 1945 was captured by the Soviet task force, and now part of it is open for research in Khabarovsk.
Russian emigration to Japan was actively used by the Japanese in various actions of a reconnaissance and sabotage nature against the northern neighbor. But the neighbor did the same. From among the emigrant youth, a significant part of which was already born in Manchuria, a special detachment was even formed, which, however, did not have time to prove itself in the fighting in August 1945 against the Red Army and was almost completely captured.
The third wave is defectors and deserters. When collectivization began in the USSR, some Far Eastern and coastal peasants tried to escape to Manchuria. Some of them succeeded. Public figures who did not agree with Stalin's domestic policy also left the country. Thus, the Komsomol worker K. Rodzaevsky, after arriving in Manchuria, organized the "Russian Fascist Party"with the help of the Japanese. In 1945, he was captured in Manchuria and convicted. Huge damage to the interests of the USSR was caused by the former head of the NKVD department for the Far Eastern Territory, NKVD Commissar of the 3rd rank (Lieutenant General) G. S. Lyushkov, who on June 13, 1938, in the area of Lake Khasan, defected to the Japanese and became an adviser to Japanese military intelligence. His escape led to the famous events at Lake Hassan.
The number of defectors from the Soviet side increased especially after the outbreak of World War II, when soldiers from the Far Eastern units and the Pacific Fleet deserted and tried to make their way to Manchuria. Most were detained, but about 400 people still surrendered to the Japanese. However, the Japanese military authorities treated them with suspicion and placed them in a special filtration camp. In 1945, these individuals were detained, and their further fate is unknown.
If we analyze the past of Russian emigration in Japan and Manchuria, many of its representatives were subjected to unjustifiably cruel and unfair repressions. So, after the sale of the CER in 1935 to the Japanese (or Manchukuo), several thousand employees who had Soviet citizenship left for their homeland, where two years later, on Ezhov's orders, they were repressed. In the end, there was no one to send as a witness from the so - called Harbin residents to the Tokyo Tribunal, which was held in 1946-1948.
After the defeat of the Japanese in 1945, many emigrants who returned to the USSR were repressed or subjected to various restrictions.
T. N. Zagorodnikova (Institute of History of the Russian Academy of Sciences) in her report "The Russian community in Ceylon in 1898-1914" showed that a small (10 - 15 people in different years) Russian colony consisted mainly of agents of tea trading firms and employees of the vice-consulate, as well as numerous travelers who specially sailed to the island or stragglers from the steamers of the Volunteer Fleet on the way from Odessa to the Far East or back. As tea purchases steadily increased and the development of the Far East continued, the Russian community in Ceylon also had prospects for development, but the First World War cut off many trade ties, blocking transport routes in the World's oceans, and the October Revolution and the chaos that followed made it impossible to restore them.
P. E. Podalko, Executive Director of the Association (Aoyama Gakuin University, Japan), presented the report "All-Japan Association for the Study of the Eastern Branch of the Russian Diaspora (a brief historical sketch)". The Association was founded in 1978 on the initiative of Professor Nakamura Yoshikazu (Hitotsubashi University) and Professor Yasui Ryohei (Waseda University), initially as a small circle of scientists representing different, often not very contiguous areas of scientific knowledge, who were united at that time (and continue to be united to this day, despite the fact that the number of members has grown several times over the years, and the scope of their research has expanded even further) interest in Russian culture and its connection with the Japanese cultural tradition.
In the early 1990s, against the backdrop of numerous political, economic and social changes in Eastern Europe, the most significant of which was the collapse of the Soviet Union, there was an extraordinary interest in recent events and their cultural and historical consequences, in particular, in the phenomenon of mass emigration from many European countries.
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The First World War and the subsequent revolution in Russia, which caused an incredible amount of emigration from almost all regions of the former empire, was the beginning of the 20th century. Japan was also not left out, where Russian refugees also flocked and where the phenomenon of emigration was unique. On December 6, 1995, the founding meeting of the Association for the Study of the Eastern Branch of the Russian Diaspora in the form in which it exists to this day was held.
The first priority was to collect statistics on the number and personalities of the Russian emigration to Japan in as much detail as possible. Since it was intended not only to study specific examples of its cultural influence on Japanese society, but also to identify the features of the emigrants ' daily life and activities, the goal was to collect as much factual material as possible, including and in the course of conducting interviews with the surviving representatives of three waves of Russian emigration in Japan at that time.
At the same time, combined collections of articles under the general title "Ike-ni ikiru" ("Life in a Foreign Land") continued to be published; five published collections were published in two versions: for sale (in hardcover with a bright design) and as a regular collection of scientific articles (in paperback). In addition, the association has established its own periodical "Ike" ("Second Homeland"), published, like most collections of articles, with the active participation of the publishing house "Seibunsha", which is also open to all people who are interested in Russian-Japanese cultural ties and want to publish on their topic (published on average during the year). four issues of Ike). Every year, the association holds five extended meetings, hearing three reports at each of them, followed by a discussion.
The second report of P. E. Podalko, "The current state of the Russian Diaspora in Japan", was devoted to the analysis of the composition of Russians forming the current community, which is extremely heterogeneous in its position in Japanese society. A small part of the population consists of emigrants of the early waves and their descendants. Migrant workers are represented by highly qualified specialists, higher school teachers, and scientists. Communities are replenished at the expense of Russian wives who have married Japanese. The Russian diaspora is extremely limited in the right to naturalize and obtain Japanese citizenship. For the development of interstate Russian-Japanese relations, the existence of a Russian community in Japan is important.
V. A. Pogadaev (University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia) presented the report "Russian Diaspora in Malaysia". The author has established that the Russian diaspora in Malaysia began to form in the 1990s with the advent of freedom to travel abroad from Russia. Currently, according to various estimates, its number ranges from 2 thousand to 2.5 thousand people. These are mainly wives of Russian and foreign citizens working in international companies, wives of Malaysian citizens (who studied in Russia), Russian businessmen and their families (in the tourism and gas and oil business), scientists and teachers working in local universities (Russian language, exact and natural sciences), sports coaches. Almost all Russians retain Russian citizenship, because the process of obtaining Malaysian citizenship is incredibly complicated, and besides, Malaysia does not recognize dual citizenship. Russian women rarely marry Malays, because this entails converting to Islam, and form families with local Chinese or natives of India. The Russian Center for Science and Culture does a great job among the Diaspora, organizing meetings and celebrations of Russian holidays, as well as prayer services with the invitation of Orthodox priests from Singapore. Some Russians regularly visit the Kuala Lumpur-based Syriac Orthodox Church. Representatives of the diaspora actively communicate with each other through a special website on the Internet "Russians in Malaysia".
A. A. Sokolov (IB RAS) in his report "Russians in Vietnam" gave a brief overview of the history of the Russian diaspora in Vietnam from the second half of the XIX century to the first decade of the XXI century. The period covering the first half of the last century was described in particular detail. The Russian colony in Vietnam in those years was represented mainly by people from the white emigration environment-employees of French administrative and scientific institutions (the Pasteur Institute, the Oceanographic Institute, etc.), as well as the military contingent of the Foreign Legion. The speaker told about his meetings with Russian emigrants who lived in French Indochina in the 1920s and 1930s (O. I. Ilina, Laille, O. F. Lehner, etc.).
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O. E. Timofeeva (Irkutsk State University) presented the report "Soviet specialists in Vietnam in 1965 - 1975: contribution to the victory of the Vietnamese people and participation in the post-war development of the country". The author concludes that Soviet specialists made a significant contribution to the victory of the Vietnamese people in their struggle against American aggression, as well as their significant participation in the reconstruction of the country after the war.
Massov A. Ya. (Saint Petersburg State Marine Engineering University) un-t) made a report " The activities of Russian non-staff consuls to protect the subjects of the Russian Empire at the initial stage of the formation of the Russian diaspora in Australia (1857-1894)". He noted that in the second half of the XIX century. There were already quite a few immigrants from the Russian Empire in the Australian migrant colonies. Their appearance was not yet the result of purposeful emigration, but rather the result of life's troubles and adventures. Even at this early stage, Russian non-staff consuls in Melbourne and Sydney defended the interests of Russian citizens to the best of their ability, thus establishing a tradition of working with Russian emigration in Australia. Their experience was in demand by Russian full-time consuls at the beginning of the 20th century, when systematic emigration from Russia began to Australia.
A.V. Antoshin (Ural State University) analyzed the role of the political sphere in the life of the Russian diaspora in Australia during the Cold War. Based on the study of archival sources and materials of the emigrant periodical press, the activities of the main political associations of the Russian diaspora in Australia were highlighted. The speaker came to the conclusion that the Russian diaspora in the country during this period was split along ideological and political lines, including both irreconcilable anti-communists and people who sympathized with the Soviet Union.
S. A. Prudkoglyad (Far Eastern State University) in her report "Charitable assistance of Russian Australians to Russia" noted that the first Russian charitable organization, the purpose of which was to help compatriots, was the Australian Society for Assistance to Political Convicts and Exiled Settlers in Russia, created by political emigrants in Brisbane, which existed from 1912 to 1917. Its tasks included providing material and moral support to prisoners in Russia. Membership fees, donations, as well as funds from cultural events were the main source of funding for charitable activities. At the same time, similar societies were established in Sydney and Melbourne.
During the Second World War, the Russian Committee for Assistance to the Motherland was formed, which was included as the Russian section in the Australian society " Medical Assistance for Russia "(headed by J. R. R. Tolkien). Street). Even hatred of the Soviet government could not outweigh the feelings of patriotism among the White emigrants, who during this period made up the overwhelming majority of Russian immigration to Australia. Money, medicines, and clothing were actively collected. The "Sheepskins for Russia!" movement, which was developing in Australia at that time, also found support among the Russians, and the workers engaged in making sheep skins were released from military service by the government.
A surge in charitable assistance from Russian Australians to Russia was observed in the 1990s.
A. S. Petrikovskaya (Institute of Cultural Relations of the Russian Academy of Sciences) in her report "Cultural relations between Australia and Russia: the role of the Russian Diaspora" found that, despite the small size, dispersion of the ethnic group, priority of survival and a limited layer of the elite, the cultural presence of Russians is already evident in the 1920s - 1930s and increases with post-war immigration. An important milestone of mutual understanding and increased importance of Russia (USSR) is the inclusion of Russian studies in higher school programs (1940-1960-ies). The last quarter of the XX century is a new period in the life of the diaspora: the transition to the policy of multiculturalism (mid-1970s) and the growth of social activity; creativity under the sign of understanding the historical path; the end of the Soviet era and the massive influx of compatriots. Differences in orientations are noted between the" old " diaspora with its white-immigrant, monarchical, Orthodox-cultural basis and the new layers, which are characterized by ethnic and confessional heterogeneity, the predominance of the intelligentsia, and the incentive for new labor and economic opportunities. If the magazine "Australiada" (since 1994) has the mission of a bearer of historical memory, then the emphasis of the almanac "Australian Mosaic" (since 2001) with all the variety of content - an introduction to a new world. The unifying trend is manifested in the construction of spiritual, cultural and scientific bridges with the new Russia with the assistance of Russian public and scientific institutions. The participation of Australian Russians in the literary process of the new Russia is noteworthy.
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In the report of G. I. Kanevskaya (Far Eastern State University) "The contribution of Russian Australians to the development of science on the fifth continent", it was noted that the scientific activity of Russian immigrants indicates their significant contribution to the science of Australia. They have achieved high academic degrees, held positions in leading scientific institutions, and become professors in Australian higher education institutions. They own scientific discoveries, inventions, and patents. The Russians proved themselves in various branches of science, made contributions to medicine, and to the study of the flora and fauna of the fifth continent. At the same time, it should be noted that Russian immigrants, whose diplomas were not recognized, had to overcome many difficulties in order to prove their professionalism and confirm their academic degrees. World-renowned Russian scientists worked in Australia, but few people in Russia know about them.
The report of N. S. Skorobogatykh (IB RAS) is devoted to the role of the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad (ROCOR) in the formation of the Russian Diaspora in Australia. In the countries of the diaspora, and in particular in the Australian Union, the church has played the role of guardian of not only religious, but also ethno-cultural traditions and has become a rallying force for the two largest waves of emigration from Russia: post-revolutionary and post-war.
E. V. Govor (Australian national. un-t) made a presentation "From Australia to the Gulag". Australia permeated the metaphysical space of the GULAG in the most bizarre way. In the dungeons of Stalin's prisons and camps, the fates of Russian Australologists and travelers to Australia, re-emigrants and Australians converged. The report traces the life stories of naturalist A. Yashchenko, revolutionary A. Zuzenko, poet-songwriter S. Alymov, Australian Coral Sutcliffe-Mityanina and communards from Cairns who came to Kirsanov.
The second report of E. V. Govor "The history of Russians in Australia: electronic resources for information search" contained valuable information about the possibilities of using the Australian archives containing numerous documents on the history of the Russian diaspora in Australia.
E. V. Rudnikova (Institute of History, Archeology and Ethnography, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences) made a report "Russians in New Zealand: the history of their presence". The report, dedicated to one of the most poorly studied topics in the historiography of the Russian diaspora, examines the main periods of Russian migration to New Zealand. Russian citizens were already among the first European settlers here. In 1845, just five years after the country was officially declared a colony of Great Britain, I. Zolotarevsky, a native of Smolensk, received the status of its permanent resident. By 1914, there were at least a thousand former Russians living in New Zealand. The next two small waves of immigrants were associated with the revolution of 1917 (refugees, soldiers and officers of the white army, "Semirechensk Cossacks", etc.) and the Second World War (Russians who lived in Europe after the October Revolution, "displaced persons", etc.). By 1956, there were already 740 people in New Zealand - natives of Russia and the USSR. Then there were two streams of religious refugees from China (1958 and 1965). In the 1970s and 1980s, approximately 300 ethnic Jews from the Soviet Union moved here. Since the beginning of the 1990s, the post-Soviet period of emigration began, as a result of which at least 5 thousand people live in New Zealand on a permanent basis. a person of only ethnic Russians - former Russian citizens.
O. B. Opara (Auckland Technical University, New Zealand) in her report "The Russian Diaspora in New Zealand" identified real opportunities for studying the Russian community in the country. Unfortunately, among the questions contained in the census forms, there is no definition of nationality, and answers about the place of birth or the native language can give erroneous information for identifying a person as belonging to Russian. The size of the Russian community, therefore, can be indicated with a probable degree of error.
L. A. Ivanova (Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of the Russian Academy of Sciences) presented the report "N. N. Mishutushkin and Russian-Vanuatuan relations". She noted that sporadic contacts between Russians and the inhabitants of the Vanuatu archipelago (formerly New Hebrides) date back 201 years. N. N. Mishutushkin (1929 - 2010), a descendant of Russian emigrants of the first wave, an artist, collector, traveler, fashion designer, businessman and public figure, who lived in the New Hebrides from 1962 until his death, is associated with regular cultural and scientific relations between the two countries. They put it this way: 1) in holding 12 exhibitions "Ethnography and Art of Oceania" in nine cities of the USSR from 1979 to 1986; 2) in 1994 - the exhibition" Vanuatu in the Mirror of Arts " (St. Petersburg); 3) in joint publications of ethnographic materials of exhibitions, 4) in fruitful cooperation with the Academy of Sciences of our country at the National Exhibition Center. for 30 years, uch-
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he presented 100 ethnographic objects from Oceania to the Republic of Vanuatu; 5) initiated the creation and opening of a monument to Lieutenant V. M. Golovnin, the first Russian to visit the New Hebrides, on July 28, 2009 in Port Vila, the capital of the Republic of Vanuatu; 6) participated in various forums of the Russian Diaspora both in Australia and in Russia.
The conference showed that among Russian Orientalists-historians, cultural scientists, and literary critics-there are many specialists who study the Russian diaspora in the countries of the East. Creative contacts were established between scientists of the Institute of Social Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences and specialists from research institutes and universities in the country, as well as with foreign centers where problems of Russian communities are studied. IV RAS is ready to become an organizer and coordinator of research in this area.
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