Vladivostok: Dalnauka Publ., 2014, 206 p. (in Russian)

The ever-increasing instability in the world, inter-State and inter-ethnic conflicts and confrontations, which have especially worsened recently, the emergence and expansion of crisis phenomena in the global economy, politics and other spheres require the development of new ways, directions and forms of cooperation. At the current level of globalization, the problems faced by any major State affect other countries of the world to varying degrees. The increased political confrontation between Russia and Western countries, the introduction of a number of sanctions by the latter, and the associated problems in the Russian economy are forcing Russia to turn more actively to the East, towards Asia, in search of cooperation partners and in order to strengthen its international position.

Against the background of global systemic imbalances, the strategic partnership between Russia and China is becoming particularly important. The Shanghai Summit in 2014, where Russia and China signed a significant number of intergovernmental, interdepartmental and interregional documents, created an impetus for intensifying the rapprochement between the two countries. The new period of cooperation should be associated with further deepening mutual trust, increasing the efficiency of cooperation in the economic sphere, preparing and implementing major projects, including in the field of natural gas supplies, transport links, construction, and joint scientific and technical developments. Nevertheless, it is obvious that the path of Russian-Chinese cooperation cannot be simple, because despite the existence of obvious common interests and positions, in many areas Russia and China set their own goals, which determine differences in approaches to various forms and content of bilateral cooperation. In this regard, a comprehensive scientific and expert analysis of the situation aimed at finding and developing optimal forms of cooperation for the stages of practical implementation of the bilateral agreements reached is of particular importance.

Russian-Chinese relations are an important topic for scientists in both countries, but currently there is not enough joint research. In this regard, it is necessary to note the importance of the peer-reviewed collection of scientific papers published in 2014 by Russian and Chinese specialists, which contains research, assessments, conclusions and recommendations on specific aspects and areas of Russian-Chinese cooperation. It is significant that this work reflects the views and positions of scientists in those regions (both Russia and China) that are directly and most involved in the process of Russian-Chinese interaction, since sometimes the perception of the situation from the "center" and on the ground may differ somewhat. It is also important that a significant part of the articles presented in the collection are prepared by Chinese scientists. This makes it possible to assess the differences in the approaches of Chinese and Russian specialists to the problem under consideration.

Scientific materials in the collection are grouped into three thematic sections, in which, along with the analysis of economic, natural and other resources, prospects are considered.-

You are developing Russian-Chinese economic, political, and cultural cooperation, primarily in relation to cross-border territories.

The articles included in section I, "Russia and China: Bilateral Relations in the context of global and regional issues", deal with issues of a general nature of the formation, evolution and current state of relations between Russia and China. A number of articles are devoted to historical aspects. Thus, in the article "Russia and China in the context of historical experience" by L. I. Gallyamova (IAE FEB RAS), the main milestones and processes of developing relations between Russia and China are analyzed, and the exceptional complexity and uniqueness of the history of Russian-Chinese contacts are noted.

In his article "Russia in China and China in Russia: Historical Aspects of Ethno - cultural Interaction", G. P. Beloglazoe (Institute of International Relations of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences) analyzes the ethno-cultural features of the formation of contacts between the Russian and Chinese peoples in adjacent territories-in North-Eastern China (Manchuria) and the Amur and Primorye regions bordering it from the XIV century to the present. Based on the data of historical materials, scientific research and field research, the author points out that, despite the duration in the historical perspective and direct contacts between the two peoples, as well as the undoubted interpenetration and interaction of cultures, there is no special mixing of them. Each nation retains its own specific perception of the representatives and culture of another nation. Currently, domestic researchers note that in the region under consideration, Russians and Chinese have achieved consistency in the perception of "their own" and "others'", and Chinese experts tend to regard modern Russian-Chinese interaction as equal and mutually beneficial. Thus, according to the author, the socio-psychological stereotypes of mutual perception observed at the present stage are determined by economic expediency in the development of bilateral relations (p. 76). Studying the experience of cross-cultural contacts is designed to help overcome the negative aspects associated with mutual misunderstandings and develop optimal forms of cooperation.

V. L. Larin's article "New World Realities and Russian-Chinese Relations" examines the current state and prospects for the development of Russian-Chinese cooperation. Noting in general the undoubted positivity and significance of the agreements and concrete agreements reached between Russia and China in the 2000s, in particular the joint statement signed in Shanghai in 2014 by the two heads of state announcing "a new stage in relations of comprehensive partnership and strategic interaction" (p. 9), the author seeks to assess the degree of fullness of these agreements. statements with real content, their practical effectiveness and efficiency. As the researcher points out, there are very few specific joint projects, and the existing form of economic cooperation based on the export of energy resources (Russia) and the export of industrial goods (China) is obviously not optimal. There are still unresolved problems, primarily in the field of economic relations and national psychology ("mutual trust"). Nevertheless, it is necessary to strive to overcome the existing obstacles and contradictions, since the current situation in the world actually contributes to the development and strengthening of Russian-Chinese cooperation.

N. P. Ryabchenko's paper "Russia, China and Global Civilization" (IAE FEB RAS) presents a study of the deep civilizational features of Russia and China. Considering the possibility and process of forming a global civilization, its nature, the author offers an assessment of the options and potential of interaction between Russia and China within the framework of such a global civilization. According to the researcher, despite the basic civilizational differences, the desire to preserve cultural identity and the absolute complexity of interaction between local civilizations, relations between Russia and China, which are developing as a mutually beneficial partnership, have good prospects in this regard.

An assessment of the current level and prospects of trade and economic cooperation between Russia and China is offered in the article by Ma Yujun (Institute for Russian Studies of the Academy of Social Sciences of Heilongjiang Province, China) "Improving the level of trade and economic cooperation and expanding the scale of scientific and technical cooperation between Russia and China". As the author points out, bilateral trade between Russia and China is growing, but not enough. In addition, according to the Chinese expert, cooperation between the two countries is not possible.

it should be limited only to the trade and economic sphere. It is necessary to strengthen ties, including in scientific and technical areas, which should allow Russia and China to maneuver when dealing with the West, especially at the current stage of globalization of the world economy, science and technology.

A detailed study of the specifics of the formation of the structure and effectiveness of foreign direct investment in Russia and China is proposed in the article by Chinese experts Li Xin (Center for Russian and Central Asian Studies of the Shanghai Institute of International Studies, China) and Liu Xiaoyin (Institute of Marxism of the Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, China) "Foreign investment in China and Russia: comparative analysis". According to the authors, China and Russia, two major developing countries, consider attracting foreign investment as an important factor in the development of the national economy. Researchers point out that China occupies one of the leading positions in the world in terms of foreign direct investment inflows, second only to the United States in this regard. At the same time, Russia lags behind other developing countries and markets in this indicator. The main reasons for this are the poor investment climate in Russia and the high level of investment risks. Based on the principle of complementarity between the two countries ' economies, we should strive to eliminate the regional imbalance in foreign investment that is characteristic of both Russia and China, place special emphasis on major joint projects, and direct significant investments to strengthen economic cooperation and geopolitical cooperation.

Section II of the collection "Russia and China in the context of Transformation and modernization" is devoted mainly to the border regions of both countries. Some historical aspects of this topic are discussed in the article "Using foreign experience in modernizing the traditional education system in North-Eastern China (late XIX - early XX centuries)" by S. B. Beloglazova (IAE FEB RAS). The purpose of this study was to characterize the Russian contribution to the modernization of traditional Chinese schools. Noting the undoubted importance of the Western European educational system, and especially of Japanese schools and curricula for their evolution from traditional Chinese schools to modern educational institutions, the author also points out the specific role of Russian-Chinese educational institutions that existed in northeast China in this process. The creation of Russian-Chinese schools in a number of cities and districts of Manchuria that were part of Russia's sphere of influence was determined by practical needs - the need to train translators and specialists of a modern level to deepen Russian-Chinese cooperation. The new type of general and professional educational institutions created in Manchuria based on the Russian experience later played a significant role in preparing China's breakthrough into an industrial society.

Of particular interest is the work of Taiwanese researcher Si Chi Yu (National Taiwan University) " Self-Kitaization? Micromechanism of political stability in a diverse China", because it actually reflects the point of view of a "third party" (i.e., a specialist not from Russia or China). The author presents an analysis of significant issues - whether China is at the stage of prosperity or on the verge of collapse, in a state of political stability or chaos, on the economic rise or in the process of decline, etc. Based on the concept of Wei Wen ("political stability"), the Taiwanese expert examines the current state of affairs in the PRC, as well as the role of the CCP, its implementation or potentially necessary measures that should be implemented in order to ensure and maintain stability in the country.

This problem was further developed in the study "Why decentralization is not always effective: a comparative analysis of the Russian and Chinese experience"by A. E. Savchenko and S. A. Ivanov (Institute of Economic Relations of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences). Using the methods of comparative analysis to study the factors of state efficiency dynamics, the authors show that, despite some similarity in the initial situations, the decentralization and liberalization of the economy that took place in Russia and China led to opposite results: in China, these measures contributed to rapid economic growth, while in Russia they accelerated capital outflow and industrial degradation. Based on the study of various aspects of these processes, the authors conclude that one of the main conditions for the success/failure of political, economic, and other changes in Russia and China was the difference in the effectiveness of the economic system.-

state efficiency on the eve of reforms (low efficiency in the first case, high efficiency in the second).

The article "Development of Pacific Russia in the structure of national interests of the Russian Federation" by L. E. Kozlov (VSUES, Russia) analyzes the policy and strategy of the Russian government in relation to the Far Eastern regions of Russia. As the author points out, the center and the regions proceed from opposite attitudes in their understanding of regional policy in the Far East. According to the center, the development of the Far East should contribute to the growth of the overall strength of the state, and the Far Eastern society sees the development of the region as an independent value, requiring more initiative. According to the researcher, the contradiction between the interests of political security and the economic development of the Far East makes Russia's regional policy inconsistent.

An analysis of the current situation and prospects of the North-East of China is presented in the article by G. V. Kondratenko (IAE FEB RAS) "Social component of the Plan for the revival of the North-East of China at the present stage". The researcher characterizes the effectiveness of the Plan for the Revival of the Northeast of China adopted in 2003, the need for which was due to the general deterioration of the situation in the region. The plan provided for solving a number of urgent problems, including:: unprofitability of the public sector of the economy, underdevelopment of the domestic market, difficulties in employment, inefficiency of models of social support for vulnerable groups of the population, etc. The author emphasizes that the Plan was implemented in a number of indicators, but fundamental issues, primarily in the social sphere, remained unresolved. The reasons for this are that the Plan did not take into account the unique situation in northeast China, and the social component of the Plan was not developed sufficiently. In this regard, it may be necessary to supplement and refine the existing Plan with a focus on social components.

Section III "Interstate, regional and cross-border relations" includes a number of articles devoted to the study of certain aspects related to the increase in population migration. Thus, in the work of D. A. Vladimirova (FEFU, Russia) "Chinese style in the Russian cultural environment", the importance of national symbols in the context of any international contacts is emphasized, which contains information about stable associations in this national tradition caused in the collective language consciousness by various objects of the surrounding world. The author points out the obvious ambiguity of the orientation of intercultural contacts: promoting one's own vision of the world and gaining knowledge about someone else's culture with giving it the usual connotations of one's own culture.

The object of research by I. Yu. Zuenko (FEFU, IAE FEB RAS) in the article "Russian-speaking diaspora in China at the present stage" is the so-called second wave of Russian migration to China, observed since the late 1980s. As the author notes, the current diaspora in China has a number of specific features. In particular, this diaspora, consisting of immigrants from various republics of the former Soviet Union, should be characterized as "Russian-speaking". Many of the Russians living in China may be more correctly referred to as "expats" rather than "emigrants", since a significant part of them come to China for work or study and do not always expect to stay there forever. Currently, it is difficult to make forecasts about the prospects of the Russian-speaking diaspora in China, but, according to the author, this diaspora is of particular interest to science as a kind of useful "helper" in studying and understanding modern China.

A number of articles are devoted to specific practical problems, including economic cooperation between the Russian-Chinese border regions. The authors of these studies are Chinese scientists. Three articles are presented by specialists of the Academy of Social Sciences of Jilin Province (China). In particular, Ma Ke's work "Analysis of the interaction and alignment of the Changjitu Region strategy of China with the strategy for the development of the Russian Far East in a new environment" examines the strategic measures planned and undertaken by the Russian government to accelerate the development of the Far East, in their correlation with the Chinese state strategy for strengthening and promoting economic cooperation between Jilin Province and Russia. At the present time, especially in view of the joint Russian-Chinese statement on the comprehensive deepening of partnership and strategic cooperation signed in Shanghai in 2014, the Chinese side is actively supporting the development of bilateral relations.-

It expresses hope that significant progress will be made in cooperation between Russia and China in this region.

Two other articles are devoted to the problems of Russian-Chinese cooperation in the economic sphere on the example of the Russian Far East and the Chinese province of Jilin: Yang Xuefeng "Resource cooperation between Jilin Province, China, and the eastern regions of Russia" and Tao Li "The problem of the impact of logistics in Jilin Province on the development of the border point with Russia". Both studies are actually applied in nature and contain an analysis of the current situation in these areas of Russian-Chinese economic cooperation, as well as certain proposals and recommendations reflecting the views of the Chinese side on mutually beneficial cooperation.

Li Jianming (Institute of Russia, Eastern Europe and Central Asia of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, China), "Arctic Development and Sino-Russian Economic Cooperation", discusses the prospects for cooperation between Russia and China in some other strategic areas. The author emphasizes that in the twenty-first century, when " the countries of the world are forced to look for new spaces for strategic development, and the Arctic is turning into a new arena for the game of great powers "(p.146), and points out that" non-Arctic " states have already entered the struggle for access to Arctic resources. In this context, the researcher cites two main areas of China's strategic interests in Arctic development: Arctic natural resources as a new channel for diversifying sources of natural energy resources for China, and the Arctic waterway as a new route for delivering Chinese goods. Currently, China's participation in the development of the Arctic is limited to participation in scientific programs. However, based on the position that Russia's development of the Arctic is inseparable from the development of Siberia, and given that China and Russia have already signed a plan for cooperation between Northeast China and Siberia and the Far East, the Chinese expert believes that points of contact between Russia and China in the development of the Arctic can be found.

Thus, the peer-reviewed publication is a very multidimensional, comprehensive study of the stated problems. Obviously, there is a difference between Russian and Chinese specialists in the subject matter of research (in particular, the work of Russian scientists is mainly general, abstract, while the research of Chinese specialists is usually practical), the proposed assessments, and approaches to problem solving. It is this diversity of positions and opinions that gives this collection special value, allowing you to get a more comprehensive and objective view of these issues.

I would especially like to emphasize the timeliness and relevance of this publication. As already noted, the current international situation generally contributes to the rapprochement of the two States and the deepening of their cooperation. This was confirmed by the signing of a package of bilateral documents on May 8, 2015, during Chinese President Xi Jinping's visit to Moscow, including the "Joint Statement of the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China on Deepening Comprehensive Partnership and Strategic Cooperation and Promoting Mutually Beneficial Cooperation", as well as the " Joint Statement of the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China on Cooperation on linking the construction of the Eurasian Economic Union and the Silk Road Economic Belt". Thus, in the light of recent developments, the presented collection of articles containing an analysis of the main theoretical and practical issues of relations between Russia and China, key areas and problems of economic cooperation, weaknesses and risks of bilateral cooperation, and offering a number of practical measures and recommendations regarding real and potential challenges and threats to the Russian-Chinese partnership will have a significant impact on It is of great importance for specialists, and will also be useful for postgraduates and students studying in the specialties "International Relations", "Political Science", "Regional Studies".

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