PROMOTING RUSSIA'S RAPPROCHEMENT WITH CHINA: RUSSIAN EXPATRIATE ORIENTALISTS, THEIR FATES AND WRITINGS 1

The article is devoted to Russian Orientalists-emigrants who studied China, the formation of the first scientific and public institutions, and the characteristics of the works of scientists. The role of scientific and educational organizations and educational institutions founded by Russians in China is noted.

Key words: Russians in China, Russian Spiritual Mission, Society of Russian Orientalists, Society for the Study of the Manchurian Region.

Construction of the China Eastern Railway (CER) This accelerated the development of Manchuria, which remained extremely backward until 1898. The construction project already provided for an analysis of the working conditions of the new railway line, including the life of the local population. The first to explore this region were Russian translators of the CER, many of whom were interested in Oriental studies. In the bibliography of O. M. Bakich, several sections are devoted to this issue (Bakich, 2002, p. 249-253).

The foundation of Sinology was laid by the Russian Spiritual Mission in Beijing or the Russian Spiritual Orthodox Mission in China (Pei-guan), or the Beijing Spiritual Mission, which carried out Orthodox rites among the descendants of Albazins, as well as Russian emigrants. The heyday of the mission is associated with the name of Archimandrite Innocent, who headed the 18th ecclesiastical mission in 1896-1931. Thanks to his efforts, the mission was left undisturbed during the Boxer Rebellion in 1900. On February 23, 1904, the mission established the Brotherhood of the Orthodox Church in China to assist the Russian wounded in the Russo-Japanese War. A month later, the society established a magazine, Izvestiya Bratstva Pravoslavnoi Tserkva v Kitae (News of the Brotherhood of the Orthodox Church in China), the first issue of which was published on March 25, 1904. In addition, the Synod's decree allowed the publication of a magazine called the Chinese Evangelist in Beijing. Orthodox missionaries mostly confined themselves to translating religious texts and compiling dictionaries.

Russian diplomats also contributed to the study of China. On the one hand, they sent their reports to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs on various economic and political aspects, on the other hand, they actively participated in various Oriental studies organizations, publishing articles and books in their publications. Many of them remained in exile, studying Oriental studies.

Professionals in Oriental studies and lovers of the study of Oriental culture became the founders of the first scientific and educational organization of Russian China - the Society of Russian Orientalists (ORO), established on June 21, 1908 and receiving great financial support from the CER. The founders emphasized that one of the important goals of the new Society is to "promote rapprochement between Russia and the peoples of Eastern Europe."

1 The author is grateful to the Russian bibliographer of the University of Hawaii Library, Patricia Polanski (Honolulu), and the employee of the Museum of Russian Culture in San Francisco, Yves Franken, for the materials used in this article.

page 48
and Central Asia on the basis of mutual interests with them" [In society..., 1910, p. 273]. The vast majority of members of the ORO were fluent in Chinese and other Eastern languages. The reports read at the meetings of the ORO were then published in the journal "Bulletin of Asia", the first issue of which was published in July 1909. Despite the fact that at first the editorial board of the journal did not particularly hope for public attention to the problems of the East [From the editorial board, 1909, p. I-II], over time the magazine found its own reader: "Judging by the reviews of the press, the magazine, as it spreads, creates a strong position among the reading community, and the journal begins to be considered in scientific and academic spheres" [Avtonomov, 1926, p. 417].

Pavel Makarovich Gladkiy, a doctor from Harbin, edited the Bulletin of Asia magazine. In his spare time, he was engaged in field research, visiting distant villages where Europeans did not look. He published his Oriental studies sketches in the "Bulletin of Asia", and wrote a small work on Chinese art.

Yakov Yakovlevich Brand, a diplomat from Beijing, was the author of articles in the first issues of Vestnik Azii. Mikhail Ivanovich Lavrov, Vice-Consul in Harbin, who had a collection of rare books, was an enthusiastic student of Chinese ethnography (Lavrov, 1922). Andrey Terentyevich Belchenko, Consul General of Russia in Hankou, also collected Oriental studies [Bakich, 1997, pp. 308-326]. Works on Sinology came from the pen of Alexander Vasilyevich Siitsyn, the first chairman of the Society (Spitsyn, 1909; Spitsyn, 1910).

A great enthusiast of ORO was the teacher Nikolai Pavlovich Avtonomov. Arriving in Manchuria in September 1912, he got a job as a teacher at the Harbin Commercial School of the CER, was secretary of the Manchurian Pedagogical Society and co-editor of the magazine "Enlightenment in Asian Russia", publishing many works on teaching in China [Avtonomov, 1920; 1921; 1926; 1937; 1938]. As a full member of the ORO Avtonomov took part in editing the works of the Society's members.

For almost four years, the ORO was led by the orientalist and talented orientalist Ippolit Gavrilovich Baranov. On March 15, 1924, he summed up the results of his activities as chairman and Vice-chairman, making a summary report to the members of the Society. During this time, he published a number of articles on folklore, ethnography, and Chinese history: "On the Chinese temples of Ashihe", "Chinese New Year", "Administrative structure of Northern Manchuria", "The Afterlife court in the views of the Chinese people", "Commercial advertising in Chinese newspapers", "Beliefs of Chinese landowners, fishermen and hunters", "Peiping State Public Library", "About modern trends in Chinese culture". Chinese fiction " and others [Bakich, 2002, p. 249-250; Baranov, 1999].

Harbin Oriental lovers were especially proud to show off the library with a good collection of ethnographic literature. The members of the ORO had many interesting ideas: from creating a museum to opening a seminary of Oriental languages. The First World War prevented the plans from coming true: some members of the Society joined the active army, while others engaged in activities far from scientific research. During the Civil War and after it ended, the Society of Russian Orientalists remained the only place in Manchuria where Russian experts in China could discuss problems of orientalism. At that time, the Society was located in the Railway Assembly Hall in Harbin, occupying two rooms, one of which served as a lecture hall. New members from among Russian emigrants revived the work: meetings were held more often, where interesting lectures and reports were given, mainly devoted to the ethnographic problems of China. The ORO report for 1919 notes a great positive side of the" subbotniks " - this was the name of the presidium meetings, which were held not for the sake of making resolutions, but for a lively exchange of views on various issues.

page 49
the most diverse socio-political and scientific issues related to the East [Avtonomov, 1926, p. 446].

The Institute of Oriental and Commercial Sciences, founded in 1925 in Harbin by members of the Society of Russian Orientalists, also dealt with issues of Oriental studies. One of the founders and teachers of the institute, Fyodor Fyodorovich Danilenko, defended his dissertation "The Origin of Chinese culture", and the head of the trade and industrial department of the Institute's museum, Grigory Yakovlevich Malyarovsky, studied the food of the Chinese [Malyarovsky, 1929].

A. P. Khionin, a sinologist and director of the Institute of Oriental and Commercial Sciences, who was invited to serve as an economist on the Board of the Chinese Railways in Harbin in 1924, played a major role in the study of the East. Having thoroughly studied economics and accounting, he successfully researched the Chinese economy. In the ORO, he served as vice-chairman and was the actual head, acting as co-editor of the Bulletin of Asia magazine.

It was Khioning who began to negotiate the merger of the ORO with the Society for the Study of the Manchurian Region (OIMK), established in Harbin in 1922.The association allowed not only to preserve the accumulated experience, but also to concentrate efforts on studying the East. OIMC leaders were well-known researchers and local historians of Russian Manchuria, and among the founders, in addition to Russian researchers, there were also Chinese. Planning to create a full-fledged scientific and educational society with a museum and library, they took the Vladivostok Society for the Study of the Amur Region as a basis, borrowing partly the name. The circular letter to the authorities stated:

"Everyone knows that exhibitions and museums are of great cultural and educational significance, not only in terms of raising the general level of culture, but also in developing rational working methods, practical business spirit, which is an indispensable guarantee of success in economic and intellectual life. All this prompted a group of individuals to take the initiative to create a CIMC in Harbin, the main goal of which is to use and unite all the cultural forces of the region" [Executive Bureau..., 1922].

Many OIMC members focused on issues of Oriental studies. For example, the historical and ethnographic section was headed by the former head of the Trans-Amur Border Guard Alexey Mikhailovich Baranov, known for his works on Mongolia and northern China (Baranov, 1907; Baranov, 1919; Baranov, 1925). He considered the collection and storage of various materials of Northern Manchuria to be the main tasks of his section. His section was also concerned about the preservation of ancient monuments of Manchuria: after a detailed survey, it was decided to register them [Baranov, 1923, p. 37-40]. Much attention was paid to the study of the cultural development of the region. Members of the section regularly read reports, which were then discussed by the audience.

After Baranov's death, his work was continued by the talented orientalist P. V. Shkurkin, whose books were popular in Russian China. In the review of "Hunkhuz" it was noted:

"Russians in Manchuria are constantly in contact with the Chinese, and in particular with the Hunghuz, but almost no one knows them, and yet in the hunghuzism, as in a drop of water, all the national characteristics of China are reflected: this social phenomenon has deep roots, nesting in the peculiarities of the character of the sons of the "black-haired people" and their way of life, while Shkurkin's book vividly illuminates this piece of Chinese life and introduces us to China and its inhabitants in general" [Bibliography, 1924, p.20].

From 1915 to 1925, Shkurkin taught Chinese at Harbin commercial schools of the CER. At the same time, he worked at the 1st mixed real school and at Chinese language courses, and was also a lecturer at Oriental studies courses organized by the CER training department. With the opening of the Institute in Harbin in 1925

page 50
After studying Oriental and commercial sciences, Shkurkin began lecturing there on the geography and history of the East. During the summer holidays, he traveled around Manchuria, sometimes coming to Primorye. At this time, he also proved to be the author of the first textbooks on Oriental studies. From 1910 to 1926, more than ten of his books on Chinese fairy tales were published, mainly in Harbin. Later, studying fairy tales from other countries of the Far East, Shkurkin wrote:: "In this work, I have tried to preserve, sometimes to the detriment of artistry, the manner of the narrator, not daring to break the integrity of the narrative by releasing at least excessive details and lengths, and intended these tales mainly not for the general public, but for Orientalists and Orientalists (ed. by P. Sh.)" [Shkurkin, 1941, p. IV].

The problems of Oriental studies were also dealt with by the section on the study of the cultural heritage of the region, whose secretary was N. P. Avgonomov.

Most of the works of Russian researchers were published in Izvestia of the Society for the Study of the Manchurian Region. "Three cultures," the editorial board wrote in the first issue, " should meet in the work of the Island, and therefore be reflected in Izvestia: Chinese, Russian, and Manchurian. And we believe that Izvestia will help all the cultural forces of the region find a common language and work together to achieve a common goal, to comprehensively study the local region " [Executive Bureau..., 1922, p. 3]. 10 issues of Izvestia were published. In total, OIMC has published more than 200 works of its members.

By mutual agreement, the ORO became the Orientalist section of the OIMC in 1927, retaining full independence, ownership and publishing rights. Thus, I. G. Baranov continued to work actively in the CIMC, publishing the results of his research here. In particular, the work "Administrative Structure of Northern Manchuria", published by the OIMC in 1926, briefly describes the geographical division of Manchuria and the Kwantung General Government, provides historical information about the administrative structure of Manchuria in the pre-revolutionary period and the characteristics of all the provinces of Northern Manchuria, provincial and county administrative institutions. A map was attached to the paper (Baranov, 1926).

One of the most important achievements of emigrant science in China was the creation of the OIMC Museum. Most of the exhibits of the first exhibition, opened on June 12, 1923 and dedicated to the 25th anniversary of the CER, and there were about 10 thousand of them, were donated or temporarily stored to the future museum with the condition of preserving ownership rights. Thanks to the activities of enthusiasts, the number of exhibits grew rapidly: if in 1924 the museum had 11,089 items, then in 1928 their number approached 50 thousand. Basically, the museum was maintained at the expense of the CER.

The creators of the museum considered its Ethnographic Department to be of particular value...it occupied the fifth hall and part of the sixth hall. In the fifth hall there was a sub-department of East Asian art. There were porcelain and earthenware vases, various dishes, clausonets, jade and ivory products of very artistic work. In the religious cults sub-section, two display cases with altars of Lamaist and Chinese Buddhism, collections on Taoism and shamanism, and a collection on Lamaist iconography were of interest. The household department was represented by a number of collections of objects from the everyday life of the Chinese, Manchus, Mongols, Orochens, Solons and Daurians. There were collections of Mandarin robes, Manchu clothing and shoes, Mongolian clothing, Chinese musical instruments, toys, games, and household utensils" (Harbin Museum, 1979, p. 152).

The museum was run by the CIMC until February 1929, when the CIMC was closed by the Chinese authorities. The formal reason was its "transformation" into the Society for the Study of Cultural Development of the Special Region of the Eastern Provinces( ORVP), whose members could only be Chinese [Position..., 1932]. After that, the museum was subordinated to the Department of Public Education of the URVP, which in January 1931 established the Scientific Research Institute of the URVP. The museum became known as the Museum of Northern Manchuria. In the same year, a large com was made-

page 51
a plex expedition that expanded the exhibition with ethnographic, natural science, and archaeological finds. Traces of the ORO archive, which was located in the CIMC Museum, were lost. Now the achievements of members of the ORO in the field of Oriental studies and ethnography can be seen on the pages of 53 issues of the journal "Bulletin of Asia" (Tyunin, 1927, p. 24-25).

Some important issues of life in China were also dealt with by the Economic Bureau of the CER, whose employees actively worked in the ORO or CIMC. Interesting research was published by Pavel Nikolayevich Menshikov, head of the Commercial Part of the CER, one of the founders of the CIMC [Menshikov, 1913; Menshikov, 1926]. His colleague, the economist Evgeny Yevgenyevich Yashnov, studied the economic side of Chinese life (Yashnov, 1928). A large number of works related to ethnography were published by A. E. Gerasimov, who worked in the Economic Bureau of the CER [Gerasimov, 1928; Gerasimov, 1930; Gerasimov, 1931; Gerasimov, 1932].

Problems of Oriental studies were also studied at the Faculty of Law in Harbin, one of the Russian universities in China, which received subsidies from the Committee on Higher Education, the Harbin Municipality, and to a large extent from the administration of the CER. Teachers paid great attention to the fact that students were well aware of both the external, i.e. official, life of China and the internal problems of the Chinese. One of the professors of the Faculty of Law was I. G. Baranov: he gave lectures and took exams in the Chinese language, literature, ethnography and cultural history of China. At the same time, in 1926, he taught a course in local history at the Harbin Pedagogical Institute, which was founded in September 1925 in order to provide personnel to Harbin schools [Zolotareva, 1975, p.15-16]. At the Faculty of Philology and History, lectures were given on geography, history, political structure, and culture of Japan and China.

At the same time, academic Chinese studies in universities remained at a low level. I. G. Baranov wrote to V. M. Alekseev on May 27, 1927: "It is a pity that there is not a single sinologist professor in Harbin whose authority would be considered by wide circles of society. I, for example, have to feel a lack of an authoritative leader. The connection with Vladivostok is very weak, and even there, sinology does not seem to shine with new research and works... In general, Russian sinologists are an endangered tribe, although there are a lot of people who think they are experts in China... "[APF].

Baranov wanted to pass the master's exams in 1928, but there were no specialists who could take them from him. In this regard, he turned to his teacher P. P. Schmidt for a recommendation, who was happy to write a flattering review. After reading a public lecture on contemporary Chinese fiction, Ippolit Gavrilovich was awarded the title of Associate Professor of Chinese Literature at the Eastern Economic Department of the Faculty of Law.

Numerous publications on the Chinese topic in Izvestiya Yuridicheskogo Fakulteta indicate that the university's professors and teachers, including those who left Vladivostok, were no strangers to the problems of Oriental studies. In particular, many publications are written by Professor Matvey Nikolayevich Yershov (Yershov, 1931; Yershov, 1932; Yershov, 1935).

The latest volume of Izvestia of the Faculty of Law, entitled "Law and Culture", which was published after the university was closed by the Chinese authorities, gave an assessment of the efforts of the initiators of the establishment of the Faculty of Law in Harbin. "For many reasons, Harbin and its emigration will go down independently in the history of Russian emigration, and one of the main reasons for this will be the scientific burning of a group of young professors who, in 1920, in a semi-savage, colonial-type country that had neither universities, nor cultural neighboring European countries, nor university traditions There are no libraries, no scientific forces, except for these few recent Russian privatdocenters, no special sums, no cultural heritage that is used to donating to educational institutions

page 52
merchants, literally out of nothing, created a huge, excellent higher educational institution on the Manchurian black soil, recognized by the Sorbonne and all European and American universities that accepted our pets for the corresponding courses [...]" [Review, 1938, p.19]. In the same volume, an article by I. G. Baranov was published about the history of the construction of Confucian and Buddhist (Ji-le-si) temples, which were located next to the New Cemetery in Harbin.

In the last issue, autumn 1937, there were famous orientalists, such as A. G. Malyavkin and B. S. Taskin, who received 1st-degree diplomas [Vysshaya Shkola..., 1937, p. 16].

In Manchuria, in addition to ORO and OIMK, youth scientific and social organizations actively worked. The most prominent was the Club of Natural Science and Geography of the KHSML, founded by former members of the OIMC in April 1929 with the aim of "bringing together scientists, attracting new researchers to research work and familiarizing wide circles of the population with the nature and life of our region - Northern Manchuria" [Rychkova, 1939, p.15]. In those years, a passion for local lore was cultivated among Harbin youth, which was warmly supported by well-known researchers, who conducted a number of scientific and educational excursions. Thus, I. G. Baranov and T. P. Gordeev organized an excursion to Achen station in May 1936, where young researchers examined ancient temples [Argus, 1936, p. 15-16]. Ippolit Gavrilovich was engaged in ethnographic research during the excursion [Zhernakov, 1940, pp. 109-111].

Baranov and like-minded people also organized a series of lectures dedicated to the Great Harbin. On May 30, 1937, he read the report "The Temples of Ji-le-si and Confucius", after which all the participants of the meeting - about 30 people - went on an excursion to the described temples, where the speaker continued an interesting story. The following year, Baranov published this work in Izvestia of the Faculty of Law, and a little later it was printed in the Zarya printing house (Baranov, 1938).

In March 1938, under the leadership of I. G. Baranov and V. N. Zhernakov, members of the club (more than 50 people) made an excursion to Fujiadyan, where they attended the performance of the Chinese theater "Hsin-u-tai" (Payter, 1938, p.26-27).

In January 1939, Baranov read the report "Chinese Music"at the club. His performance was accompanied by the playing of Chinese musicians on national instruments. The Natural History and Geography Club published its annual Izvestiya Klub, the first volume of which was published in Harbin in 1934. It published the work "Portrait Gallery of Mongolian Dynasties" translated by Baranov (Baranov, 1941, pp. 101-106).

During the first ten years of the club's work, 314 meetings were held and 570 reports were made on various scientific topics: from archeology and geology to Chinese music and linguistics [Rychkova, 1939, p. 15-16; Klub..., 1937, p.51]. The club was closed in early 1946.

In October 1928, Alexey Ivanovich Galich, a lecturer at the Institute of Oriental and Commercial Sciences, with the help of Khionin, created the Oriental Studies Circle, which became a scientific student society in which future Orientalists were engaged in research under the guidance of teachers. It was divided into four sections: oriental, economic, local history and ethnography, and photographic (Sergeev, 1931, p. 5).

Many of the circle members 'works were published in the institute's magazine "Vostochnik", as well as in two collections" In the Far East", published by the circle members. With the help of Khionin, who allocated the necessary funds, the students organized a Museum of trade samples. The Local history section surveyed the regions of China by industry. A lot of work was done by the photo section that made up the " Album of Vosto-

page 53
cultural studies", which reflects not only history, but also a huge amount of ethnographic material, sometimes unique.

In 1935, orientalists solemnly held the hundredth meeting of the circle (at that time it was part of the Oriental Faculty of the St. Vladimir Institute). During this period, 90 reports on the Far East were read, and over 2,600 people attended the meetings. The circle was closed in 1937 due to the closure of the institute.

Despite the changes, the Harbin Museum mainly employed Russian researchers: B. P. Yakovlev, A. S. Lukashkin, M. A. Firsov and others. Funds for the maintenance of the museum were allocated insignificant, and over time, some of the exhibits were dismantled by their owners. After the death of G. Y. Malyarovsky in 1932, the museum was headed by A. S. Lukashkin. Then there were the following departments: natural sciences (sub-departments: geology, paleontology, soil science, botany and zoology), ethnography, archaeological and commercial-industrial. There was a large scientific library, a reading room, and an archive of the local press. In 1934, the museum and institute became part of the Sinijin Continental Institute for Scientific Research in Manchuria. At that time, the institute in Harbin became known as the Harbin Laboratory, with A. S. Lukashkin as its head (Lukashkin, 1934, pp. 183-187: photo).

By order of the Government of the Manchurian Empire dated January 1, 1937, the museum became part of the Harbin branch of the State Research Institute "Da-Lu", which was subordinate to the House of Ministers. At the same time, the scope of scientific and expedition activities was increased, and a large replenishment of the library was envisaged. The museum (headed by A. S. Lukashkin) had its own archaeological and ethnographic (ethnological) department, which was headed by Vladimir Vladimirovich Ponosov, who arrived in Manchuria at the age of 23 in 1922. As an ethnographer, he studied the Daurians and Solons (Tunguska people), making six expeditions (1941-1945). He studied shamanism, Buddhism, Lamaism, and Taoism. Ponosov tried to take young researchers on his annual archaeological and ethnographic expeditions. So, in 1934, he took with him N. V. Glukhov, M. V. Ievliev and M. I. Nikitin. The expedition made many finds in Barga (Upshinsky, 1934, p. 19).

V. V. Ponosov founded the National Organization of Przheval Researchers (originally the N. M. Przhevalsky Circle attached to the National Organization of Scout Scouts) in April 1929. "The main task of the organization is to serve the Fatherland through the study of nature and human culture" [National Organization..., 1937, pp. 51-52]. She was accompanied by a group of Przewalski scouts (boys under 16).

Ethnographic problems were dealt with by Vasily Nikolaevich Alin and Lev Nikolaevich Yakovlev. "Przhevaltsy" V. Starikov, V. Taskin and others became famous orientalists. During the first decade, the circle members made over 200 excursions, during which a huge number of exhibits were collected. They were shown at the anniversary exhibition. The central place in the exhibition was occupied by a mammoth skeleton, as well as numerous archaeological finds from the Mohe people and the Jin Empire. An ethnographic corner with shamanic paraphernalia and deities attracted attention [Argus, 1939, p. 19]. In the future, summer excursions and trips continued.

The section of Young Archaeologists, Naturalists and Ethnographers of the National Youth Union under BRAM (Harbin) was founded in 1935 at the former Museum of the OIMC, which was taken over by the Institute for the Study of Northern Manchuria. Among the first members of the section were I. V. Kovalchuk-Koval (chairman), A. A. Kostin, K. A. Zheleznyakov (2nd chairman after 1937), M. I. Nikitin, Z. V. Chukaeva, E. A. Yurin, N. V. Astafyev, K. S. Dikareva, I. P. Savvatiev, N. N. Ilyin, B. V. Wangodun. The section mainly brought together young people who were interested in the nature, culture and history of China. Since the spring of 1936, the section has had its own premises, where they were held

page 54
reports and exhibitions. It separately identified the ethnographic direction and regularly conducted scientific trips, excursions and expeditions, but the results of which were reported. For example, Vera Fyodorovna Luda presented a study on folklore ("The Solon Fairy Tale about Two Brothers "(1933). "Beliefs of the Solons"). The collected material was kept in its own museum. There was a small library, which was based on the collection of the "senior friend" V. Ya. Tolmachev, who left for Shanghai. T. P. Gordeev had a great influence on the work of young researchers. The section published its own works.

Orientalist observations were also evident in the works of Russian emigrants. Thus, Archpriest Nikolai Dyakov shared notes about the life of ordinary Chinese people [Dyakov, 1918]. Yakov Ivanovich Arakin, a graduate of the St. Petersburg Archaeological Institute (Arakin, 1924; Arakin, 1926), dealt with some issues of Sinology in his works. The talented writer Vsevolod Nikanorovich Ivanov was one of the founders of the Society for the Study of China in Tianjin, from time to time publishing works on the culture of China [Ivanov, 1931(1), pp. 323-330; Ivanov, 1931(2), pp. 152-165; Ivanov, 1933].

Beijing was one of the centers of practical Oriental studies. The main areas of science in Beijing-Oriental studies, which included many aspects of Chinese studies, as well as applied ones-developed both in various sectors of the economy and in the field of education. I. P. Mitrofanov was considered the greatest specialist in the field of language. "I. P. Mitrofanov, a well-educated former lyceum student, a brilliant master of English, French, German and Chinese, and an outstanding sinologist, made an extremely pleasant impression. Unlike many other Sinologists, he was characterized by a lively and deep interest in the life and everyday life of the Chinese population. His extensive knowledge of international sinological literature was also striking" (Serebrennikov, 1940, pp. 76-82).

The Chinese Institute of Russian Language and Russian Literature worked in Beijing. Its oldest teachers were J. J. Brandt and I. N. Verevkin. I. I. Serebrennikov described other orientalists in Beijing as follows: "The dragomans of the mission, Kolesov and Brunnert, kept away from the Russian emigrant colony, and I did not have the chance to meet them anywhere. As I was told by knowledgeable people, Kolesov perfectly mastered the spoken and written Chinese language and in this respect had few rivals to himself. He lived in isolation, unsociable, and in private life was distinguished by some oddities" [Serebrennikov, 1940, p. 80].

The sinologist I. S. Brunnert was a professor at Peking University. In addition to teaching Japanese in a Russian school, he was engaged in public work, was a well-known figure of the Anti-Comintern. A famous Russian diplomat and author of books was I. Ya. Korostovets, who "arrived in Beijing in the spring of 1921," recalled I. I. Serebrennikov, " I think straight from Paris. He came here temporarily, making a business trip. In his person, the Russian colony of Peking acquired an interesting guest who had seen a lot in his lifetime and was able to tell a good story about it. I have rarely met such a lively and fascinating interlocutor in my life" [Serebrennikov, 1940, p. 122]. The sinologist S. A. Polevoy devoted all his free time to compiling a Russian-Chinese dictionary. Translations from Chinese and other languages were carried out by his colleague V. V. Dolbezhev, who had been working in diplomatic positions in China since 1898. In Beijing, Dolbezhev was the secretary of the REC.

His contribution to Sinology was made by I. I. Gapanovich, although he was not a sinologist. At one of the meetings of the ORO, which also had a branch in Beijing, he made a report on the life of the indigenous peoples of the Russian Far East. He published several scientific articles in the Economic Bulletin and Vestnik, was invited to the position of Professor of History at the National Tsinghua University in Beijing, taught ancient and Russian history for about 20 years, and wrote several works

page 55
about historical synthesis. His work on Paleoasiates, which had already been prepared for publication, was lost during the war.

"At the end of the war," wrote V. N. Zhernakov, " in the autumn of 1954. Ivan Ivanovich found himself in Chongqing, from where, after a month's stay, he went to Beijing. The university was not damaged during the war, as it was occupied by a hospital. Students were returning, and a new life was beginning. After his return, Gapanovich continued to work as a professor of history, first at the former Tsinghuang University, then at the National University, and then at the National Peking University. After the reorganization of the higher school caused by the revolutionary events in China, he taught Russian language and literature at the same university" [Zhernakov, 1971, p. 4-5].

In addition to his Oriental studies, Gapanovich was engaged in the historiography of Manchuria.

One of the most famous scientists who worked in this city was S. M. Shirokogorov. He collected and processed extensive materials on the physical anthropology of China, in particular, anthropological observations on the Tungus, Manchus, Chinese and representatives of other national groups. He also accumulated extensive folklore material: fairy tales, tales, songs, shamanic hymns, etc. Shirokogorov also proved himself in the field of linguistics, compiling Russian-Tungus and Tungus-Russian dictionaries containing about 30 thousand words, and giving linguistic explanations to Tungus folklore.

"In the field of anthropology, a major work entitled "Growth and Ethnos"has been prepared for publication in English. This work was in 1921 in a set in one of the large printing houses in Shanghai, but due to a fire that occurred in this printing house, it did not see the light of day. A copy of this work is available and preserved in Beijing. This work consists of three parts and sixteen chapters and is provided with a large number of tables, diagrams, X-ray images, photographs, etc .... In the field of ethnology, the late professor also compiled significant works. He tried to build ethnology on new foundations and always from the first years of his scientific activity, attached great importance to his ethnological works of a general nature. In his opinion, ethnology, built on new principles, as a general science, can play a major role, not only theoretically for science, but also practically for any people who can understand and master the ideas contained in this science" (Serebrennikov, 1940).

In 1936, Shirokogorov began writing a long-planned work called "Ethnology" in 2 volumes, but he did not have time to finish it.

There were no serious scientific organizations in Tianjin, although there were three universities here - Peiyang, Nanjing and Catholic, and no scientific work was conducted in them. The Huang He Museum, founded by the Catholic monk Father Nissan, a well-known traveler and scientist who collected a variety of collections related to the Yellow River basin, has gained fame. They were placed in a specially built three-story house, where the monk himself lived in a small room. The part of the collections processed by him was shown to the public on certain days and hours. Some exhibits were transferred to the museum by the Russians (Zhemchuzhnaya, 1936, pp. 34-37).

In the mid-1930s, a literary, scientific and Philosophical circle was founded in Tianjin under the chairmanship of S. G. Still, where lectures were given on a variety of topics, including Oriental studies. In particular, I. I. Serebrennikov read the reports "Shamanism in China" and "Ethnographic notes (Primitives in Civilizations)". He also gave a lecture on "Chinese Folk Beliefs" in the Russian Theosophical Circle. Soon I. I. Serebrennikov decided to found his own scientific circle, which included zoologist and naturalist B. P. Yakovlev, botanist I. V. Kozlov, geologist P. A. Pavlov and others. The circle lasted about two months. Serebrennikov did not abandon his research work, publishing a large "Essay on the Economic Geography of China" in No. 53 of the journal "Bulletin of Asia" (Serebrennikov, 1926).

page 56
"Around this time," he recalled, " in search of some support for scientific work, I decided to contact the National Geographic Society in America and wrote a long letter to this society in Washington. I will not go into the details of this letter, but I will only say that in it I reported that at present Russian refugees are scattered all over China, that there are such people in remote corners of Manchuria, Korea, Inner Mongolia, Chinese Turkestan, and near the borders of Tibet and China proper. Among these Russian refugees, there are many people with secondary and higher education and even with special training for scientific studies (Easterners). I went on to point out that I could use this scattering of Russians here to collect some scientific materials: photographic, botanical, and ethnographic, and that this would require funds and an organizing center, which I would undertake to create. I received a reply in which I was informed that the matter I had raised had been referred to such and such a department of the Society-and that was the end of the matter. Looking back now, I can't understand why the National Geographic Society didn't accept my offer. There was nothing utopian about it. It was quite feasible and did not require much money. Without taking advantage of my ideas, the Society deprived me of interesting work, and itself of interesting collections. Even if it simply released funds to buy ready-made photos among Russian refugees in China, and then it would acquire very interesting materials. I recall that over the following years, one of the emigrants once offered me to buy his photographic album, which contained up to a thousand pictures with views of the western Chinese province of Gansu; another offered me almost the same number of pictures (and films) with views of Xinjiang, i.e. Chinese Turkestan, the third-with views of Outer Mongolia, etc.. Based on these suggestions, I can now say that I could easily buy up and send to Washington at least ten thousand interesting pictures of various contents. I will say in general that during my stay in China, I had various interesting ideas and projects in my head more than once, but they were very rarely implemented - at least, not through my fault. Russian emigration in China, with the exception of its military cadres, was little used for practical or scientific purposes, not only by foreign states, but also by the Chinese authorities, who were more concerned with internecine squabbles than with putting their country in order. And how many specialists of various kinds were in this Russian emigration, and moreover very highly qualified" [Hoover Institute Archive].

Serebrennikov published a lot of works in the Russian periodical press of China. The bibliography of his works covers dozens of pages. At the beginning of 1941, the publishing house "Our Knowledge" published a new work by I. I. Serebrennikov "To the History of Asia" - a collection of essays, articles and short stories from the history of China, Manchuria, Mongolia and Siberia, written at different times (444 pages, vol.2) in manuscript. - A. Kh.). In the same year, his bibliographic essay "Sinological activities of the Russian Ecclesiastical Mission in Beijing" was published in two issues of the Chinese Evangelist magazine. Mostly the works of I. I. Serebrennikov were of a popular science nature.

Scientific life in Shanghai was incomparably poorer than in Harbin, or even in Beijing and Tianjin. There was a national scientific society, chairman B. M. Norlander, which in public life did not show itself in any way, except for giving lectures to the population. At one time there was a Natural Science Society (sometimes called the Natural Science Circle), its chairman was the botanist I. Kozlov (founded by the Russian Public Assembly around 1941). The honorary chairman was Archpriest M. Rogozin [Russkiy Shanghai..., 1942, p.9; Rabota kruzhka..., 1943, p. 29]. Lectures were given at general meetings. Herbariums were collected. Members of the circle opened a number of courses with the aim of practical mastery of some specialties.

An active participant in the meetings of the Historical Circle was Ye. Yashnov, who moved from Harbin. At one of the meetings, he presented a theory about the strict periodicity of uprisings and revolutions in the history of China, described in the work "China as an isolated state". Many people remembered the rigorous scientific reasoning and vividness of the message. In conclusion, Yashnov said:

"If we are so powerless to foresee our own fate, doesn't this mean that the situation is even worse with regard to China, which is so alien to us in many ways? In his past

page 57
the rather coherent sequence of phenomena of relative overpopulation described above caused their repetition in the form of peculiar historical cycles. But in the present and here, the situation in this sense has changed significantly. Economically, it is beginning to lose its isolation and, in particular, is gradually becoming a grain-importing country. The northern "barbarians" disappeared from the political scene in the form of nomadic or semi-nomadic peoples of Asia. Their place was taken by the industrial states of Europe and Japan "[Collected by L. A. Khisamutdinova. The manuscript of E. E. Yashnov.

Ye. Yashnov was sure that it was possible to predict the future with the help of numbers. This was his last public report: at 7 a.m. on June 25, 1943, he died. "E. E. Yashnov," the obituary noted, " belonged to the galaxy of those statistical scientists who at the end of the last and beginning of the current century, even before the revolution, did a lot to learn about Russia. < ... > A great job conducted by the late in the field of population studies in China. His works on this issue attracted the attention of scientific circles and were repeatedly cited by other scientists, including foreign ones" [Ar-ov, 1943, p. 3].

One of the organizers of the Shanghai Philosophical "Environments", the Circle of Orientalists and the commonwealth "Monday" was the architect N. K. Sokolovsky, who had an Oriental studies education. A great deal of work was done by the Circle of Natural Science lovers of the Russian Public Assembly, where lectures and reports were usually given. There is no need to talk about any contribution to science by researchers from Shanghai.

In 1945, the measured life of Russian emigrants ended. Some orientalists were arrested for collaborating with Japanese authorities and expatriate organizations, and their fate remains unknown. Many joined the Soviet army that came to Manchuria, which needed professional translators. Among the latter was I. G. Baranov. From 1946 to 1955, he was head of the Chinese Language Department at the Harbin Polytechnic Institute.

Finally, Russian local historians stopped studying China and Manchuria with the closure of the Natural Scientists and Geography Club in 1955. Three years later, I. G. Baranov was repatriated to the USSR. He died on February 1, 1972 in Alma-Ata. His close friend N. P. Avtonomov wrote:: "I knew I. G. for 27 years in Harbin as a general teacher; I also corresponded with him after moving to the United States. In his life and work, he was not only hardworking, neat, simple and sympathetic, but also an extremely modest, religious-minded person, a church leader. This latter quality he retained in the USSR, where he left in 1958, not wanting to destroy families" (Avtonomov, 1972).

While still in China, V. N. Ivanov received Soviet citizenship. In February 1945, he left for Khabarovsk, where he was engaged in literary activities. Many young people were also repatriated to the USSR, and some became well-known orientalists. Not everyone had a good life at home: the Soviet authorities were very suspicious of the older generation of emigrants. Many of those who returned to their homeland or were deported after 1945 were repressed almost immediately. F. F. Danilenko, for example, received ten years of prison camps.

The lives of A. M. Baranov (1927), G. Y. Malyarovsky (1932), P. N. Menshikov (1934), M. I. Lavrov (1938?), A.V. Spitsyn (1941), E. E. Yashnov (1943), V. N. Alin (1945), and Ya.I.Arakin ended in China (1949). A. P. Khionin left for Australia (1971, Sydney). I. I. Gapanovich continued his scientific activity in this country (since 1953): he taught at the University of Canberra (Canberra University College). After retiring in 1964, he settled in Sydney, working on memoirs and publishing excerpts in the New Journal. He died in 1983. V. V. Ponosov also successfully worked in science, participating in field research at the University of Queensland (1963), becoming curator of the Anthropological Department of the University (1966 - January 1, 1970). He died in Brisbane in 1975. Mikhail Nikitin (who died in 1986 in Sydney), the author of many scientific papers in English, worked at the State Department of Agriculture of Australia.

page 58
N. P. Avtonomov, a member of the Russian Academic Group in the USA (died in 1976 in San Francisco), was engaged in teaching activities.V. N. Zhernakov wrote about him: "The last years of his life Nikolai Pavlovich devoted to compiling a work on higher educational institutions in Harbin. .. he did not manage to finish this large and important work... He had an amazing memory, a sense of subtle humor, and was a very interesting conversationalist" (Zhernakov, 1976). Zhernakov himself (died 1977 in Auckland) emigrated to the United States via Australia and published a series of works about his teachers and senior comrades in China: N. A. Baykov, I. I. Gapanovich, A. P. Khionin, V. V. Ponosov, T. P. Gordeev and others. His friend A. S. Lukashkin wrote: "During his research activities, Vladimir Nikolaevich published 166 scientific, popular science, biographical essays, articles and notes in Russian, English, German, French, Japanese and Chinese scientific and popular journals" [Lukashkin, 1977, p. 4].

Anatoly Lukashkin worked at the California Academy of Sciences and proved to be an excellent collector, becoming curator of the Museum of Russian Culture in San Francisco (1954-1965) and collecting a huge amount of materials about Russian scientists in China. An expert on the activities of Russian emigrants in Asia and the author of many scientific papers, he died in 1988 in San Francisco. A. T. Belchenko died there in 1958.

Although Pavel Vasilyevich Shkurkin, who lived in Seattle (died there in 1943), did not work anywhere, he did not stop doing science, participated in the affairs of the Russian Historical Society in America, and published an interesting work on the folk folklore of Korea (Shkurkin, 1941).

While in China, Russian emigrants made a great contribution to Oriental studies. The study of Manchuria was initiated from the standpoint of scientific and social Oriental studies, which was characterized by conducting expeditions, lecturing and museum work, and publishing the works of members of various societies. Expatriate ethnographers were able to prepare the foundation for further study of China, their scientific research was organically integrated into the general system of Russian and world ethnography, and the results of their research were used by scientists from all over the world, including China itself.

list of literature

Avtonomov N. Society of Russian Orientalists: (Historical essay) // Bulletin of Asia (Harbin). 1926. № 53.

Avtonomov N. P. The situation of school affairs in the exclusion zone of the CER. Harbin: Author's Publishing House, 1920.

Avtonomov N. P. Historical review of Harbin commercial schools for 15 years (February 26, 1906 - March 11, 1921). Harbin: KVZhD Publishing House, 1921.

Avtonomov N. P. The most important questions on the history of the Russian enlightenment according to the data of the regional school. Harbin: Publishing House of the State Design Institute, 1937.

Avtonomov N. P. Faculty of Law in Harbin: (Historical essay), 1920-1937 / / Pravo i kul'tura: Sb. v oznamenovanie voskhadtsatiletnogo zhizn ' Yurid. fakt. v g. Harbin [Law and Culture: Collection in commemoration of the eighteen-year existence of the Law Faculty in Harbin]. Harbin, 1938.

Avtonomov N. P. I. G. Baranov (obituary) / / Russkaya zhizn (San Francisco). 1972. March 3.

Acanthopanax. Young Russian Orientalists: Seven years of work of the Oriental Studies Circle at the Eastern Faculty of the St. Vladimir Institute in Harbin / / Rubezh (Harbin). 1935. No. 49 (December 1).

Ansrt E. E. K istorii issledovanii i gornogo dela v Manzhurii [On the history of research and mining in Manchuria]. Izv.Kluba estestvoznaniya i geografii KHSML. Harbin, 1941.

APF (Archive of the St. Petersburg branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences). F. 820. Op. 3. D. 143 (Letters of I. G. Baranov). L. 5-5ob.

Arakin Ya. I. Dva tsivilizatsii (1923-1924) [Two Civilizations (1923-1924)]. Harbin: B. I., 1924.

Arakin Ya. I. Nuisance in the sky. From kit. Mythologies: Poems / Translated from kit. Harbin: Hood. Type: G. Sorokin and Co., 1926.

Argus. The gods who taught people to live ... / / Rubezh. 1936. No. 28 (July 4).

Argus. Following in the Footsteps of Przhevalsky: Towards the Tenth Anniversary of the National Organization for Research of Przheval Residents in Harbin / / Rubezh. 1939. No. 22 (May 27).

Ar-ov L. < Arnoldov>. Memory of Ev.Ev. Yashnova / / Shanghai dawn. 1943. June 26.

Hoover Institution Archives (California). Collection of I. I. Serebrennikov. The email folder. No listing (Hoover Inst. Scrcbrcnnikov 1.1., box 10).

Bakich O. A. I. Belchenko's Archive: An Inventory / / Russians in Asia (Toronto). 1997. № 4.

Baranov A.M. Barga. Historical and geographical essay. Harbin: OIMK Publishing House, 1925.

Baranov A.M. North-Eastern Seimas of Mongolia. Harbin: B. I., 1907.

page 59
Baranov A.M. Khalkha. Tsetsen Khan aimag. Harbin: B. I., 1919.

Baranov L. Registratsiya pamyatnikov v Manzhurii [Registration of monuments in Manchuria]. Izvestiya Obshchestva izucheniya Manzhurskogo kraya (Harbin). 1923. No. 3 (June).

Baranov I. G. Administrative structure of Northern Manchuria. Harbin: Ed. Manchu Island of Study, Krasnoyarsk, 1926.

Baranov I. G. Sovremennaya kitayskaya khudozhestvennaya literatura [Modern Chinese fiction]. Harbin: Zarya Publishing House, 1934.

Baranov I. G. Temples of Ji-le-si and Confucius in Harbin: Historical buildings and architecture. description. Harbin: Zarya Publishing House, 1938.

Baranov I. G. Portrait Gallery of the Mongol Dynasty. Harbin: B. I., 1941. (Otd. ott. "Izv. Club of Natural Science and Geography of the KHSML").

Bibliography / / Slovo (Shanghai). 1924. 20 Apr.

V obshchestve russkikh orientalistov [In the Society of Russian Orientalists]. 1910. No. 3 (Jan).

Higher school in Harbin / / Rubezh. 1937. No. 33 (August 14).

Gerasimov A. E. Wooden products and wood chips of the Girin province. Harbin: OIMK Publishing House, 1928.

Gerasimov A. E. Goncharnye izdeliya v Severnoy Manzhurii [Pottery in Northern Manchuria]. Harbin: OIMK Publishing House, 1928.

Gerasimov A. E. Swallow's nests, their significance in the national usage and economy of China. Harbin: B. I., 1930.

Gerasimov A. E. Chinese labor: working conditions at the enterprises of Northern Manchuria. Harbin: KVZhD Publishing House, 1931.

Gerasimov A. E. Chinese carpets: Production and analysis of symbols of ornaments of Chinese carpets. Harbin: KVZhD Publishing House, 1931.

Gerasimov A. E. Money-changing shops and offices of Manchuria. Harbin: KVZhD Publishing House, 1932.

Community of former students of Taras Petrovich Gordsva. In memory of the Russian scientist / / Russkaya zhizn. San Francisco, 1972. 27 Apr.

Dyakov N. Life and customs in Manchuria. 4th ed., ienr. and add-ons. Harbin: L. L. Barsuka Publishing House, 1918.

Yershov M. N. New Far East: Modern economic, cultural and International relations in the Pacific Ocean. Harbin: B. I., 1931.

Yershov M. N. Modern China and European Culture. Harbin: Ed. Yurid. fakt., 1931.

Yershov M. N. School and mental movements in modern China. Harbin: B. I., 1932.

Yershov M. N. East and West-before and now. The main prerequisites of the problem "East and West" in historical coverage. Harbin: Nauka Publ., 1935.

Zolotareva T. Pedagogicheskiy institut [Pedagogical Institute]. 1975. № 7.

Zhemchuzhnaya E. Huang-hsu Bai-hsu Museum in Tianjin / / Bulletin of China. 1936. June.

Zhsrnakov V. N. Otchet o deyatel'nosti Kluba estestvoznaniya i geografii KHSML za period s 1933 po 1940 g. [Report on the activities of the Club of Natural History and Geography of the KHSML for the period from 1933 to 1940]. Harbin, 1940.

Zhsrnakov V. N. Professor Ivan Ivanovich Gapanovich / / Russians in Australia. No. 2. Australia: Melbourne University, 1971.

Zhsrnakov V. N. In memory of N. P. Avtonomov: (obituary) / / Russkaya zhizn. 1976. July 2.

Ivanov V. N. Kant and Kung Fu-tzu. Etude po filosofii kul'tury [Etude on the philosophy of culture]. Sat. 1. Harbin, 1931(1).

Ivanov V. N. Peking. In the Bogdyhansky palace. At the Beijing Museum. Po pekinskim ulitsam [Along the streets of Beijing]. 1. Harbin: Type. "Mercury", 1931(2).

Ivanov V. N. Delo cheloveka [The human case]. Experience of cultural philosophy. Harbin, 1933.

Executive Office. Circularly // Izvestiya OIMK. 1922. No. 1 (Nov.).

Club of Natural History and Geography / / Naturalist of Manchuria. Harbin: L. M. Abramovich Publishing House, 1937.

Lavrov M. I. Materials on iconography and mythology of the East. Harbin: Tipolitogr. OZO, 1922.

Lopatin I. A. Orochi sorodichi manchu [Orochi kindred of Manchu]. Harbin: OIMK Publishing House, 1925.

Lukashkin A. S. Museum of Northern Manchuria / / Bulletin of Manchuria (Harbin). 1934. No. 1 (Jan.).

Lukashkin A. S. Vladimir Nikolaevich Zhsrnakov (To the day of the semiannual death) / / Russkaya zhizn. 1977. 27 Aug.

Maliarovsky G. Ya. Soy beans as food for humans. Harbin: KVZhD Publishing House, 1929.

Chinese production of vodka, beer and vinegar in Northern Manchuria. Harbin: B. I., 1929.

Menshikov P. N. Report of the commercial agent of the Chinese Eastern Railway: On the survey of the Heiluntstn. provinces and parts of Jereem. Sejm of Inner Mongolia. Harbin: KVZhD Publishing House, 1913.

Menshikov P. N. Mongolian resort Khalkhin Khalun Arshan according to the survey of the expedition P. II. Menshikov, 1925, and the Economic Bureau in 1924, Harbin: Type. CER, 1926.

National organization isslsdovatslsy-przsvaltsv / / Naturalist of Manchuria. Harbin: L. M. Abramovich Publishing House, 1937.

From editorial board II Bulletin of Asia. 1909. No. 1 (July).

Psytsr O. Theater with a thousand-year tradition. Russian Harbin residents on tour of the famous Beijing troupe in Fujiadyans / / Rubezh. 1938. No. 14 (2 Apr.).

page 60
Position of the Island of study of the Manchurian region. Public and scientific condition is dying / / Gong-Bao (Harbin). 1932. May 29.

Work of the Circle of Natural Science lovers P. O. S. / / Grani. 1943. No. 4 (9 Apr.).

Review of the Second Ray of Asia (Harbin). 1938. № 48/8.

Russian Shanghai. Despite the exceptionally hot summer, the social life of the Russian colony does not stop / / Shanghai. 1942. № 35.

Rychkova V. Jubilee of the Club of Lovers of Natural Science and Geography at the KHSML in Harbin. 1939. No. 16 (April 15).

A. Sergeev Report on the activities of the Oriental Studies Circle // In the Far East (Harbin). 1931. № 1.

Serebrennikov I. I. Essay on the economic geography of China. Harbin: Ed. Russian Orientalists ' Island, 1926.

Serebrennikov I. I. My memoirs. Vol. 2. In emigration. Tianjin: Our Knowledge, 1940.

Serebrennikov I. I. Professor S. / M. Shirokogorov (obituary) / / Vozrozhdenie Azii. 1940. March 7.

Spitsyn A.V. Administrative structure of Manchuria. Harbin, 1909.

Spitsyn A.V. Modern socio-political trends in China. Harbin: ORO Publishing House, 1910.

Tyunin M. S. Index of periodicals published in Harbin in Russian and other European languages on January 1, 1927. Harbin: OIMK Publishing House, 1927.

Upshinsky A. The centuries give away their secrets. 1934. No. 33 (August 11).

Harbin Museum (Historical essay) / / Polytechnic (Australia). 1979. № 10.

Chskalova N. I. A. Lopatin (obituary) / / Rodnye daly (Los Angeles). 1970. No. 197 (Aug).

Shkurkin P. V. Koreiskie skazki [Korean fairy tales]. Shanghai: Slovo Publishing House, 1941.

Yashnov E. N. Population and peasant economy of China: (Review of ist.). Harbin: OIMK Publishing House, 1928.

Bakich О.М. Harbin Russian Imprints: Bibliography as History, 1898-1961: Materials for a Definitive Bibliography. N.Y. P.: Norman Ross Publishing Inc. 2002.

Zisscrmann N.V. Vladimir Nikolaevich Jernakov. Melbourne: University of Melbourne, 1986.

page 61

Permanent link to this publication: