The article examines the global risks associated with the activities of multinational corporations, describes the consequences of a large-scale environmental disaster in the Indian city of Bhopal in 1984 and the problems of eliminating toxic waste from the territory of the former plant 30 years after the disaster. The actions of the TNK, which owned the plant, to compensate for the consequences of an environmental disaster are criticized.

Keywords: globalization, global risks, environmental disasters, Bhopal, multinational corporations( TNCs), toxic waste.

When Western authors talk about globalization, they usually emphasize its positive aspects. In a world with transparent borders, an increasing number of people gain access to the achievements of modern scientific and technological progress and improve their well-being. Indeed, international economic relations have intensified over the past two or three decades, and the interdependence of countries has noticeably increased. From 1990 to 2012, global GDP increased from $ 22.2 trillion to $ 71.7 trillion (3.2 times), world exports of goods and non - factorial services-from $ 4.4 trillion to $ 22.4 trillion (5.1 times), and the book value of foreign direct investment (FDI) - from $ 2.1 trillion to $ 22.8 trillion assets of foreign branches - from $ 4.6 trillion to $ 86.6 trillion (by 18.8 times), international production (sales of foreign branches of TNCs) - from $ 5.1 trillion to $ 26.0 trillion (by 5.1 times). The relative indicators that characterize the intensity of international economic relations have also changed. In 1990-2010. The ratio of world exports to world GDP (export quota) increased from 19.8% to 31.2%, and the ratio of the book value of FDI to world GDP - from 9.0% to 31%.8%. At the same time, 1 / 3rd of world exports were accounted for by branches of TNCs, and the products produced by them "locally" (international production) in 2012 were 1.2 times higher than world exports of goods and services (calculated from: [World Investment Report, 2013, p. 24]).

But more important today is another characteristic of globalization-its definition as a risk society. German sociologist Ulrich Beck called his book on globalization "Risikogesellschaft" (the book was published in 1986 in Germany, in Russian it was published in 2000). W. Beck argues that the risks of the globalization period contribute to the formation of a global risk society. In his opinion, "an important feature of the risk society is the absence of territorial, temporary or social boundaries that could serve as a barrier to modern dangers, Many forms of man-made risks do not recognize state borders" (cit. by: [Giddens, 2005, p. 70, 71]). Not only economic processes, but also threats are becoming global. "The dangers of highly developed productive forces in the field of chemistry or nuclear power abolish the foundations and categories within which we have hitherto thought and acted-space and time, labor

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and leisure, enterprise and the nation state, even the borders between military blocs and continents" [Beck, 2000].

One of the most important types of risks is environmental risks of a man-made nature. A large-scale man-made disaster occurred in December 1984 in the Indian city of Bhopal at the plant of the American corporation "Union Carbide". The word Bhopal became a symbol of a man-made disaster, and the name "Union Carbide" became the name of a multinational corporation that treats people irresponsibly. "Bhopal is not just about charred lungs, poisoned kidneys and deformed fetuses. It is also a symbol of corporate crime, multinational fraud, injustice, dirty deals, medical errors, callousness and contempt for the poor, "the Bhopal 2011 Symposium said." In its sequence of actions and the composition of its main actors, Bhopal has helped to lift the curtain on the ugly drama of globalization. Bhopal is a window on the road that leads to the end of globalization, "said Satinagh Sarangi, a prominent activist in the Bhopal Victims' Rights Movement, Sambhavna Clinic [Bhopal, 2011, p. 1].

Many books and articles have been written about the history of the Bhopal disaster, such as the monograph "The Bhopal Saga: Causes and Consequences of the World's Largest Industrial Disaster" by Swedish human rights activist Ingrid Eckerman, the book "Five Minutes after Midnight in Bhopal" by French authors Dominique Lapierre and Javier Moreau, and the book "Violate Our Rights" by American publicist Jack Doyle.: Dau Chemical and the age of toxic substances [Eckerman, 2004; Lapierre, Moro, 2002; Doyle, 2004]. There are a number of chemical, medical, and environmental studies. Today, a lot of materials are posted on websites, and sites with similar names have a diametrically opposite direction in evaluating events. The site is www.bhopal.com it belongs to the Union Carbide company, and it says that the company spent a lot of money on eliminating the consequences of the accident, which was also caused by sabotage. Sites bhopal.org and bhopal.net They belong to human rights non-governmental organizations (NGOs) working to protect the interests of victims of the disaster and the people of Bhopal in general.

The Bhopal disaster is being addressed by a number of NGOs, including the International Campaign for Justice in Bhopal (ICJB), the Bhopal Medical Appeal, which raises funds for the Sambhavna Clinic Trust, and the Bhopal Public Health and Documentation Clinic, which provides information on how to manage the disaster in Bhopal. free medical care for patients affected by the disaster, and people who are sick today, because they live in a still infected area. The Chingari Trust raises funds and provides medical care to children born in Bhopal with congenital malformations and brain damage. There is also an organization called Students for Bhopal, registered in the United States. Materials about the disaster and its aftermath are available on the website of the Government of Madhya Pradesh, where there is a special Department for the consequences of the Bhopal gas disaster, as well as on the websites of Indian and Western newspapers and magazines. It is impossible not to mention the Wikipedia site, which contains a lot of information about the environmental disaster in Bhopal [http.//en.wikipedia. org/wiki/Bhopaldisaster].

So, on the night of December 2-3, 1984, in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, at the pesticide manufacturing plant of Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL), a subsidiary of the American TNK Union Carbide, where it owned 50.9% of the shares, and the remaining 49.1% of the shares were held by Indian financial institutions and private individuals Apparently, a toxic gas leak has started. The tank containing 40 tons of methyl isocyanate was flooded with water, a rapid chemical reaction began, and a cloud of toxic gas formed. It should be noted that during the production of methyl isocyanate, one of the main components of the

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The gas used was phosgene, which is known for being used by the Nazis in gas chambers [Bhopal, 2011, p. 1]. Phosgene was also one of the products of the chemical reaction of methyl isocyanate with water.

A cloud of toxic gases quickly spread to the surrounding areas of the plant. And there was a densely populated area of slums, makeshift buildings, windows and doors in which were not hermetically sealed; gas immediately entered the homes where people were sleeping.

The emergency alarm system at the plant was turned on briefly, employees were afraid to take any steps without instructions from their superiors, and he was not at the plant. The disaster happened during the night when people were sleeping; they felt what happened as they began to choke on the poisonous gas. People began to run. Gas sloshed across the ground. Children, the elderly, and women suffered the most. Less - those who were able to leave by transport, hermetically isolate their homes.

The Bhopal disaster is described by W. Beck. Films have been made based on the events of that night in Bhopal, including a 2004 BBC film posted online.

Global risks affect everyone, moreover, in the event of global catastrophes of the "nuclear winter", air contamination with chemicals on a large scale, they can reach the" golden billion", even to those in power. But most of all, they affect the poor, socially unprotected segments of the population, who are also not informed about what should be done in the event of environmental disasters. This is exactly what the slums of Bhopal were like.

The number of victims of Bhopal is given different estimates. According to Union Carbide, about 3,800 people were killed [http://www.bhopal.com/union-carbide-statements]. Municipal workers (street cleaners) in Bhopal, picking up bodies to bury in mass graves or burn on funeral pyres, estimated the death toll at 15,000. A moderate conservative estimate is that 8,000 people died in the first week, 20,000 or 25,000, or 30,000 (depending on the date when this estimate was made) later from the effects of gas poisoning. A whole generation of children has now grown up who were exposed to gas as children [Bhopal Disaster: Another Grim Anniversary, 2002; http://www.bhopal.org/what-happened; Bhopal, 2011]. In the slum area, there was no population registration, many people died as whole families, and there is reason to believe that not all were accounted for.

In general, 1.0 million people applied for help, after a medical examination, 574 thousand people were recognized as victims and received assistance [http: //bgtrrd.mp.gov.in.facts.htm].

UNION CARBIDE PLANT IN INDIA IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT TRENDS

The Union Carbide of India Limited plant in Bhopal for the production of pesticides was opened in the early 1970s. Union Carbide itself has operated in India since 1935, where it had 9 plants of various profiles in 5 different sectors of the chemical industry, which in 1984 employed about 9 thousand people [http:// www.unioncarbide.com/history].

The opening of this chemical plant in an Indian city illustrates a number of trends in the development of the world economy and the economies of Eastern countries in the 1970s. First of all, this is a tendency to move manufacturing industries — labor-intensive, energy-intensive, and material-intensive-to the countries of the East. It began to manifest itself in the late 1960s, but became particularly widespread after 1973 - the rise in oil prices and the energy crisis. One of the ways out of the energy crisis and reducing the increased costs due to rising oil prices was the transfer of manufacturing industries from developed to developing countries. In the countries of Asia and Latin America, labor-intensive, focused on the

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Table 1

Book value of foreign direct investment in developing countries by industry, 1990-2011, USD billion and %

1990

2011

Billions of dollars.

%

%

Billions Of Dollars.

%

%

All industries

387.0

100

6073.3

100

Primary sector (agriculture, extractive industry, etc.)

32.1

8.3

555.8

9.2

Manufacturing industry, including

167.3

43.2

100

1604.8

26.4

100

Food industry

11.0

6.6

196.7

12.3

Chemical industry

50.5

30.2

233.5

14.6

Electronic and electrical engineering

19.3

11.5

140.4

8.7

Automotive and transport engineering

8.7

5.2

127.2

7.9

Textile, clothing industry, leather goods production

5.7

3.4

26.3

1.6

Metallurgy and production of metal products

16.4

9.8

108.0

6.7

Services

179.2

46.3

3854.4

63.5

Источник: World Investment Report 2013 (WIR13_webtab24). http://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/wir2013.

export of electronic, clothing, and textile industries, as well as material-intensive industries such as the metallurgical and chemical industries, often focused on import substitution.

In the structure of the book value of foreign direct investment in 1990-2011 in developing countries, among the manufacturing industries, the first place is occupied by investments in the chemical industry: 30.2% of investments in 1990 and 14.6% in 2011 (see Table 1).
The motive for placing chemical enterprises in developing countries was also less stringent requirements for safety and environmental protection. French sociologist J. Sapir, speaking about the removal of such polluting industries from developed countries, writes about "environmental dumping" (he is concerned about the associated loss of jobs and the increase in unemployment in France) [Sapir, 2009].

The emergence of chemical industry enterprises, including plants for the production of pesticides, corresponded to the aspirations of developing countries themselves: industrialization, the development of the manufacturing industry, and import substitution in many countries were important components of the national development strategy. The production of pesticides was designed to contribute to the success of the "green revolution", increase crop yields, fight hunger, and solve the food problem.

Union Carbide relied on the large domestic market of India , the second most populous country in the world. However, the market was only potentially capacious,

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due to the low incomes of agricultural producers who were willing to buy pesticides, but did not have the means to do so.

In 1983-1984, there was a drought in India, the incomes of farmers decreased (however, they also decreased due to floods), and the effective demand for the products of the Union Carbide of India Limited plant fell. The company suspended production and began to reduce costs by saving on security measures.

CAUSES OF THE CRASH

Global risks are associated with decision-making. Decisions are made by some, and the consequences fall on others. Leaks of toxic chemicals can occur, but with proper safety precautions, their effects can be limited.

There is a clear pattern of double standards in Union Carbide's operations in India. Environmental safety measures at the Bhopal plant were significantly different from those taken at such plants in developed countries. For example, there was no emergency plan. But most importantly, the security systems were turned off that night in December 1984.

Raghunandan Mohr, an Indian academic, wrote in the Economic and Political Weekly in 1986: "Despite many independent studies proving its guilt, Union Carbide is trying to evade responsibility by hiding, refusing to provide information, holding its branch responsible, and now brazenly claiming to sabotage workers and terrorists. This is despite the fact that Union Carbide deliberately had double standards at its facilities in the United States and in Bhopal" (Raghunandan, 1986).

Ingrid Eckerman writes: "The Bhopal disaster has become a symbol of the disdain for people by a multinational corporation." The reduction in demand has led to a desire to reduce costs at all costs, to a decrease in attention to safety and to shortcomings in the company's personnel policy. Insufficiently qualified personnel were hired, and the terms of their training at the plant were cut. "When promoting, they preferred not professionals with extensive experience, but those who were loyal to the management and did not ask unnecessary questions. In 1983-1984, 300 temporary workers were laid off in order to reduce costs, and another 150 were put on standby" (Eckerman, 2006). The plant stopped working, but toxic substances continued to be stored in large quantities.

The number of inspectors responsible for maintenance was reduced from six per shift to two, and a few days before the accident, the positions of those responsible for maintenance on the second and third shifts were eliminated. On the night of the disaster, there was not a single qualified engineer at the plant, the senior engineer of the shift was transferred from the battery factory only a month earlier. The company forbade employees to speak on its behalf, especially in case of emergencies (this played a role, the alarm system was turned off prematurely). Those on duty on the night of December 2-3, 1984, did not know the specifics of the factory's operation, did not know anything about phosgene or methyl isocyanate. The responsible manager was sure that there could not be a leak, since production was suspended [Eckerman, 2006].

According to I. Eckerman, the causes of the tragedy were primarily the mistakes of the administration: lack of qualified operators due to inadequate personnel policy, weakening of control over security due to staff reduction; insufficient effective maintenance of the plant, lack of an emergency plan [Eckerman, 2006].

Union Carbide of India Limited, without following safety regulations, stored a large amount of methyl isocyanate in liquid form, which led to the disaster. The design of the tank with defects, failure to observe precautionary measures resulted in the leakage of a mixture of toxic gases formed as a result of chemical reaction.-

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operations. In addition to methylisocyanate gas, the cloud contained phosgene, cyanide gas, and carbon monoxide (carbon monoxide) [Reproductive..., 1996].

According to Union Carbide, the gas leak was the result of sabotage. Someone deliberately poured water into a tank where toxic chemicals were stored [http://www. bhopal.com/union-carbide-statements]. However, if the security systems had worked, no "sabotage" would have led to such large-scale consequences. The exhaust gas absorber could have decontaminated the escaping gas, but it was turned off that night. The freon cooling system kept the temperature of the liquid methyl isocyanate at 4 degrees above zero, a low temperature would slow down its chemical reaction with water, while in tropical climates, the ambient temperature, on the contrary, acts as a catalyst. But the cooling system was turned off in June 1984, and the freon was sent to other factories. The flare tower could have burned the escaping gas, but the connecting pipe was removed for repairs and the tower did not function. The water curtain was not high enough and did not reach the place where the gas was released. Regular maintenance was not carried out, and that night, when a worker sent a stream of water from the hose to the rusted pipe while washing the pipes, the valves fell off and the water got into the tank with methyl isocyanate. The rapid reaction caused the tank to explode, creating a deadly gas cloud [http://www.bhopal.org/what-happened].

I. Eckerman writes that even if water was poured into the tank for the purpose of sabotage, with effective maintenance and functioning of security systems, leakage would be limited (Eckerman, 2006).

COMPENSATION FOR DISASTER VICTIMS

Union Carbide, on its Bhopal issues website, is very thorough in describing all the measures it has taken to compensate the victims of the disaster. Immediately after the accident, the company transferred $ 2 million to the state. In February 1985, a temporary relief fund for victims was established in the amount of $ 120,000 (with a total number of victims in 574 thousand people). Then another $ 5 million was provided to the Indian Red Cross.

In 1989, Union Carbide reached a final out-of-court settlement agreement with the Government of India, which was the legal representative of the victims of the disaster under the 1985 Act. The total amount of payments made by Union Carbide in India reached $ 470 million, of which $ 420 million was paid by Union Carbide itself, and the equivalent of $ 50 million in rupees (including $ 7 million from temporary relief funds) was paid by Union Carbide of India [http://www. bhopal.com/union-carbide-statements].

In 1994, Union Carbide sold its 50.9% stake in Union Carbide of India Limited to Mcleod Russel India Limited, which opened an Everedy Limited battery manufacturing plant there. Union Carbide transferred the proceeds from the sale of the subsidiary to a fund for the construction of a hospital and medical research center: first $ 20 million, then another $ 90 million. In 1998, the territory of the plant was transferred to the state, to the government of Madhya Pradesh [http://www.bhopal.com/union-carbide-statements].

On the territory of the plant remained contaminated with toxic waste, toxic chemicals were stored. Union Carbide spent ten years cleaning up the area, from 1984 to 1994. Then for another 4 years, from 1994 to 1998, the Everedi company was engaged in cleaning the territory.

In Bhopal, according to the most inflated data, the final amount of compensation for victims, including preliminary payments, was $ 830, and in the event of the death of a relative, his family received $ 2058. [http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/en/

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campaigns/toxics/justice-for-bhopal]. In comparison with the current practice, the amount of $ 470 million and even $ 600 million is not enough. it is clearly insufficient to compensate the victims and relatives of the victims of the disaster, which number 574 thousand. The total amount of compensation payments averaged about $ 1,000 per victim.

There is an example for comparison. In 2010, the company "British Petroleum "(BP), which conducts oil production on the shelf in the Gulf of Mexico, at the Deepwater Horizon site, at the Macondo well, an accident occurred, killing 11 people. Environmental pollution was colossal: the disaster was called the third largest disaster associated with an oil spill (the first place is occupied by the environmental disaster of 1910-1911 in the USA, Lakeview, California, the second place is the oil spill by Iraq in the Persian Gulf when leaving Kuwait in 1991 [http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oil_spills/]).

Residents of the Gulf Coast, fishing, tourism were affected, and even the fate of the Gulf Stream was feared. BP has been the target of lawsuits. She made a deal with American justice: she pleaded guilty to the deaths of 11 people and negligence (manslaughter, negligent conduct, misdemeanours) and paid a fine of $ 4.5 billion. [The Guardian, 15 November 2012]. By March 2012, about 100,000 fishermen, hotel owners, and other local residents had filed lawsuits against BP for a total of $ 7.8 billion in economic damages, an average of $ 78,000 each [http://www.dw-world.de.03.03.2012].

According to British Petroleum's data for 2013, its total payments in connection with the Gulf of Mexico disaster amounted to about $ 28.5 billion, including payments for claims of $ 14.5 billion. After making these payments, the company invested more than $ 100 million in the Gulf Coast Tourism Development Fund. [http://www.bp.com/en/global].

In the United States, the BP brand was called "toxic", and the company was banned from participating in tenders for placing public procurement orders. BP was forced to sell some of its assets, and in terms of market capitalization, it began to lag behind its main competitors Royal Dutch Shell and ExxonMobil. But high oil prices and a strong top management policy have kept BP afloat.

US $ 78,000 per economically affected person and US $ 800 per disabled or sick person, US $ 2,000. for the loss of the breadwinner-the difference is very significant. By American standards, the amount paid to Union Carbide for a disaster that physically affected 0.6 million people is minimal, even taking into account the depreciation of the dollar over the past 30 years. However, the company is strongly unwilling to increase its involvement in disaster relief and simply the consequences of its presence in Bhopal.

However, in my opinion, it is more profitable for corporations not to skimp on compensation for damage caused by man-made disasters. British Petroleum has incurred heavy costs, but it is once again operating very successfully. In the 2013 Forbes ranking of the world's top 2,000 companies and banks, it ranked 18th with a turnover of $ 370.9 billion. [http://www.forbes.com/lists/2013].

The business reputation of the company responsible for the Bhopal disaster, which has become a household name for environmental disasters caused by TNCs, has suffered greatly. In the 1970s, Union Carbide was one of the top 100 Fortune companies in terms of its turnover, and by 2001, it was the largest company in the world. it has ceased to exist independently at all: it was absorbed by one of the largest chemical TNCs, the American Dau Chemical [http://www.unioncarbide.com/history].

Dau Chemical, ranked 193rd in the 2013 Forbes ranking, had a turnover of $ 56.8 billion. [http://www.forbes.com/lists/2013 In the 1960s and early 1970s, the company was accused of war crimes for producing napalm and Agent Orange defoliant for U.S. troops during the war. The Vietnam War. Dow Chemical was the first target of anti-war protests. Later, she was at the center of scandals due to dioxin, because of silicone breast prostheses with defects made by Dow Corning, a joint venture with her participation [Profile: Dow Chemical].

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Agent Orange and napalm became symbols of the destructive actions of the US Army in Vietnam. Agent Orange defoliant, 20 million gallons of which were sprayed in Vietnam, contains dioxin. In total, there are about 4.8 million victims of defoliant spraying in Vietnam, including 3 million direct victims, of which more than 1 million people under the age of 18 have become disabled and suffer from hereditary diseases. The dioxin contained in Agent Orange caused liver damage, nervous disorders and congenital malformations in their children in victims of its spraying. Subsequently, it turned out that Agent Orange led to serious illnesses in a large number of American and South Korean soldiers [http://deadland.ru/node/6903].

In 2004. Vietnam's Agent Orange Victims ' Association has filed a lawsuit in the United States against Dau Chemical and Monsanto. The claim was dismissed. American veterans of the Vietnam War who were affected by Agent Orange also sued Dow Chemical. It turned out that Dau Chemical already knew about the toxic effects of dioxin in 1965, but downplayed the risks from its use. In the end, an out-of-court settlement of the veterans ' lawsuit created a $ 180 million fund to compensate them. The second company that produced Agent Orange was the American Monsanto, today it is known primarily as a manufacturer of genetically modified organisms (GMOs ) [http://www.corp-research.org/dowchemical].

Here we can see what W. Beck wrote: "... the circular social effect of risk can be generalized: modernization dangers sooner or later lead to the unity of the criminal and the victim. In the worst, unimaginable case - an atomic explosion-it is obvious that it also destroys the attacker" [Beck, 2000]. Not only the Vietnamese, against whom the defoliant was used, suffered, but also the Americans who sprayed it. Here you can also see the double standards (so familiar today) - compensation for Americans and refusal to consider the claim of Vietnamese victims of defoliant.

Dau Chemical has a website where it talks about its mission, about the "human element". It has a Code of Conduct. The Corporation is a global sponsor of the Olympic Games from 2010 to 2020 [http://www.dow.com]. In other words, this TNK is ready to invest money in PR, in ensuring a positive image for itself. But since its acquisition of Union Carbide in 2001, Dow Chemical has refused to accept any responsibility for the large-scale diversion of toxic substances in India, although by acquiring assets, the companies also assume responsibility for the liabilities of the absorbed firms.

BHOPAL-2

Meanwhile, the leak of toxic substances in Bhopal continues. And 30 years after the disaster, there is garbage in the form of toxic waste on the territory of the former plant, which continues to pollute the soil and groundwater. If the poisonous cloud of Bhopal could not be ignored, today we are talking about invisible, imperceptible risks.:

"The risks that arise at the highest stage of the development of productive forces-I mean, first of all, radioactivity that is completely inaccessible to direct perception by the senses, but also harmful and toxic substances in the air, water, food and the associated short-term and long-term consequences in plants, animals and humans... - release systemically determined often irreversible destructive forces remain, as a rule, invisible" [Beck, 2000].

In articles published in the first decade after the gas tragedy, they wrote that traces of gas poisoning remain in the bodies of people who survived the disaster. But traces of the disaster remain to this day, after 30 years, the territory of the plant is polluted not just with chemical, but with toxic materials. On Terry-

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The UCIL thorium still houses 350 tons of toxic waste [http://www.cseindia.org/content/contamination-ucil].

Today, more than 120,000 people in Bhopal are suffering from diseases caused by the 1984 disaster, and about 20,000 people are suffering from diseases and malformations caused by the persistent pollution of the plant. In 1999, a study of ground water and wells near the territory showed the presence of mercury exceeding the norm from 20 thousand to 6 million times. Chemicals that cause cancer, brain damage and birth defects were found in the water: trichloroethylene, which disrupts the development of the embryo, was found in an amount 50 times higher than the norm. Studies in 2002 showed the presence of trichlorobenzene, dichloromethyl, chloroform, zinc, and mercury in the milk of nursing mothers [Toxic Present, Toxic Future, 2002].

A study conducted in 2009 by the Center for Science and Ecology (New Delhi) revealed that the plant area is heavily contaminated with pesticides, chlorobenzenes and heavy metals. Dichlorobenzene and trichlorobenzene affect the liver and blood, and the two main pesticides that were previously produced by the Union Carbide plant-carbaryl and aldicarb-affect the brain and nervous system, cause chromosome abnormalities, and cancer. However, many Bhopal residents often do not realize that their illnesses and the birth of sick children are related to the water they use.

The concentration of pesticides in water samples is from 1.1 to 59.3 times higher than the standard in India, and in ground water-12 times higher than normal. In one of the samples of ground water taken at a distance of more than 3 km from the plant - in Shiv Nagar, mercury (24 times higher than normal), sevin (carbaryl), the content of which exceeded the norm by 110 times, were found [http://www.cseindia.org/content/continuing-nightmare].

The question is who will pay for the cleanup. Dow Chemical refuses to do so.

The English Guardian newspaper in 2009 devoted an article to the 25th anniversary of Bhopal. It quotes Dominique Lapierre, author of the book Zero Hours Five Minutes in Bhopal, as saying in an interview with Indian television: "... the toxic substances that were left at the factory are still there today. Every time it rains, toxic substances enter the ground water, from where the water enters the pumps... people are forced to drink poisoned water." In a statement marking the 25th anniversary of Bhopal, Dow Chemical said the $ 470 million payment made to the Indian Government by Union Carbide in 1989 " covers all existing and future claims. The company has done everything it can to help the victims and their families." Dow Chemical reiterates that the disaster was caused by sabotage, and the Government of India is responsible for cleaning up the plant and ensuring the safety of Bhopal residents. [http://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/dec/03/bhopal]. The Madhya Pradesh state government is doing a lot, but the extra money in connection with such large-scale problems would not hurt.

Table 2

Government of Madhya Pradesh expenditures for rehabilitation of victims of the Bhopal gas disaster (as of March 2009)

Goals

Expenses million rupees

Medical rehabilitation

3661.5

Economic rehabilitation

270.6

Social rehabilitation

450.6

Environmental restoration

293.9

All expenses

5120.9

Source: [http://bgtrrd.mp.gov.in.facts.htm (accessed: 30.07.2014)]

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Of the 56 administrative districts of Bhopal, 36 were affected by the gas disaster in 1984, a total of 894.5 thousand people lived in the city in 1984, and 559.8 thousand people lived in 36 affected areas. The total amount of compensation awarded and paid to them was Rs 1,548 466 crore 1 [http://bgtrrd.mp.gov.in.facts.htm].

The majority of the Madhya Pradesh Government's expenditures for the rehabilitation of victims of the Bhopal disaster are related to medical care (71.5% of the total amount) (see Table 2). In Bhopal, 24 medical institutions are financed from these expenditures, including a specialized clinical and research medical center, 2 specialized hospitals, 3 public health centers, and 3 private hospitals. general hospitals, 3 polyclinics, 3 Ayurveda dispensaries, 3 homeopathic dispensaries, 3 Unani medicine dispensaries. Social rehabilitation measures (8.8% of expenditures) include the construction of 2,486 homes for the families of those killed in the disaster, the distribution of milk to children and pregnant women, and the payment of pensions to 1,077 widows (200 rupees each, about $ 3). per month), the cost of raising orphans left without relatives [http://bgtrrd.mp.gov.in/social.htm]. Economic rehabilitation activities mainly involve the creation of jobs for victims and their professional training, including traditional Indian crafts.

As part of the environmental rehabilitation plan, expenses were allocated for planting trees, paving streets, laying roads, constructing ditches, hearths, a sewage collector and drains, and modern toilets. 90 out of 290 million rupees were spent on the construction of 6 columns with high-quality water [http://bgtrrd.mp.gov.in/environmental.htm]. Work continues to clear the plant's territory and build a memorial park in its place in memory of the disaster.

Considerable efforts are being made, but the scope of work is very extensive, and the payment of additional compensation would be very useful, especially since pollution has a negative impact on the next generations (the birth of "gas children", whose heartbreaking photos can be seen on the site). bhopal.org).

FIGHT FOR THE RIGHTS OF VICTIMS OF BHOPAL-1 AND BHOPAL-2

For many years, representatives of victims of the Bhopal disaster have been unsuccessfully trying to get additional compensation from Union Carbide and Dow Chemical, which absorbed it. Here, for example, is the June 27, 2013 decision of the Second U.S. Federal Circuit Court of Appeals on an appeal against the court's decision in a process that has lasted since 2004: "It is possible that many other people living near the Bhopal plant, India, suffered from terrible and prolonged illnesses as a result of the disaster, which could have been caused by it would prevent and for which someone is responsible. After nine years of trial and inquiry, however, all the evidence points to the fact that the person responsible is not Union Carbide. " [http://www.bhopal.com/court-of-appeals-upholds-2012-judgment/]. Who is the person responsible for the disaster, and not said.

The NGO EarthRights International filed a lawsuit in New York on behalf of Bhopal residents, who demanded reimbursement for the costs of cleaning up the former plant from chemical pollution. Judge J. R. R. Tolkien Keenan, in a 45-page decision, ruled that "the President of Union Carbide India Limited was not an employee of Union Carbide, and Union Carbide is not responsible for his actions." In 2010, the Indians asked to replace Judge John Keenan, but they were refused.

In a lawsuit designed to obtain additional compensation from Union Carbide and payment of funds for cleaning up the plant's territory from toxic substances and cleaning up drinking water sources, a court in New York in 2014.

Rs 1 crore = Rs 10 million.

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(plaintiffs Janki Bai Sahu and others, Judge John Keenan), ruled that "neither Union Carbide nor its former president, Warren Anderson, are liable or obligated to bear the costs of damages and clean-up of environmental pollution." [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Union-Carbide]. Referring to the 1998 verdict in the case concerning Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) (in Anglo-Saxon countries, case law applies), the court stated that

"from a legal point of view, the statement that the parent company made decisions or participated in decision-making or controlled the policies of its branch does not entail the transfer of legal responsibility from one individual legal entity to another within that corporation. And Union Carbide sold its shares in Union Carbide India Limited in 1994, after which the company became Everedy Industries. In 1998, the Government of Madhya Pradesh took over ownership of the closed plant. Further, the company is no longer responsible for decisions on waste disposal and the choice of a waste disposal system." The court also stated that there was no evidence that "Union Carbide India Limited manufactured pesticides on behalf of Union Carbide, entered into contracts and other transactions on behalf of Union Carbide, or otherwise acted on behalf of Union Carbide" [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Union-Carbide].

However, the legitimate question is: if Union Carbide is not responsible for the actions of its subsidiary, Union Carbide India Limited, then why did it pay $ 420 million out of the $ 470 million in compensation for the Bhopal disaster in 1989, and only $ 50 million for its subsidiary, where it was responsible for the disaster? Why did Warren Anderson, then president of Union Carbide, fly to India immediately after the Bhopal disaster if the corporation is not responsible for the activities of its subsidiary? However, after Anderson was detained and then released on bail, he immediately flew out of India and never returned there. In 1992, finally, a warrant was issued in India for his arrest on charges of manslaughter, but he never appeared in court. W. Anderson (born in 1921) and still leads a quiet life of a rich pensioner in New York State. Indian journalists ask the question: "if 20,000 Americans were killed by the fault of an Indian top manager, would the American authorities allow him to live in peace in his declining years somewhere in Goa?" [http://www.bhopal.org/what-happened].

By the way, British Petroleum pleaded guilty to the deaths of 11 people at the Macondo well in the Gulf of Mexico, as mentioned above. And is it possible to imagine that British Petroleum stated in an American court that it does not want to be held responsible for the actions of its division in the United States, since it is a different legal entity?

In the summer of 2014, legal proceedings against Dau Chemical were initiated in a Bhopal court by Chief Judicial Magistrate Pankaj Singh Maheshwari, following a lawsuit filed by the Bhopal Group for Information and Action (BGIA) and other NGOs that advocate for the rights of victims of poison gas. The lawsuit is designed to force Dow Chemical to admit its criminal liability, since Union Carbide has become its branch. The hearing is scheduled for November 14, 2014. [http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/2014]. Amnesty International, USA, issued a statement that Dau Chemical should not be a fugitive from justice, and staged a picket outside the company's office in Washington. However, Andrew Liveris, president of Dow Chemical, told the Indian government that state intervention in the judicial process could lead to a deterioration of the investment climate in India [http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow].

Dau Chemical is no stranger to such lawsuits and lawsuits. After all, at least 3 million people became disabled from defoliant in Vietnam. So the 0.6 million people affected in Bhopal are not that many. Dau Chemical spared money to clean up the area, but did not spare the cost of spying on NGO activists to protect the interests of Bhopal residents [http://www.ndtv.com/video].

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The fight for the rights of victims of the Bhopal disaster and victims of toxic pollution in Bhopal (Bhopal-2) is being waged by well-known international organizations Greenpeace and Amnesty International, the Pesticide Action Program and non-governmental organizations dedicated exclusively to Bhopal issues.

Numerous events are held, actions on the anniversary of the events - a march around the old city in Bhopal, which traditionally ends with the burning of an effigy of Warren Anderson, sit-ins, books, brochures, articles are published. Funds are being raised for medical assistance to victims of the disaster (for example, through the website http://www.bhopal.org A campaign is underway to sign petitions to allocate funds for cleaning up the territory of the former plant, including appeals to the president of Dau Chemical.

* * *

"Globalization contains a pattern of risk distribution that does not coincide with itself, a distribution in which there is a significant explosive political force. Risks sooner or later catch up with those who produce them or benefit from them. Spreading risks have a social boomerang effect: those with wealth and power are also not immune from them" (Beck, 2000). Global risks are characterized by the fact that decisions about actions involving risk are made by some, and others pay for them, including with their health, and sometimes with their lives. As far as corporate responsibility is concerned, as the British Petroleum case shows, it is more profitable and profitable for TNCs to spare no expense in compensating victims of disasters in order to preserve their image and good name.

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