In the late 19th and early 20th centuries Japan began to pursue an aggressive policy in the Far East, seeking to capture East Asia, primarily Korea and Manchuria. Japan considered these territories as a springboard for further subjugation of China and penetration into Central Asia. As one of the victorious states in World War I, Japan seized the former German colonial territories in the Far East and the Pacific. These circumstances fueled the expansionist sentiments of the ruling circles, which set out to seize new lands and establish Japanese dominance in Asia.

The history of relations between Japan and the Central Asian countries in the first half of the 20th century has not yet been the subject of independent study. However, there are several problems that are directly related to the topic under consideration and on which both domestic and foreign studies have been conducted.

First, it concerns Japan's penetration into East Asian countries and Japan's international position in the first half of the twentieth century. We can say that this is one of the most well-studied problems. In the USSR, and later in Russia, such scientists as V. Ya. Avarii [Accidents, 1952], D. I. Goldberg [Goldberg, 1959; Goldberg, 1962], E. M. Zhukov [Zhukov, 1951; Zhukov, 1998], G. F. Zakharova [Zakharova, 1983; Zakharova, 1990], E. Iogan, O. Tanin [Iogan, Tanin, 1932; Iogan, Tanin, 1933; Iogan, Tanin, 1936], L. N. Kutakov [Kutakov, 1964; Kutakov, 1965; Kutakov, 1988], V. E. Molodyakov [Molodyakov, 2004; Molodyakov, 2005(1) Molodyakov, 2005(2)] and others. Among Western scientists, such as O. Lattimore (Lattimore, 1962), V. Y. Sipols (Sipols, 1979), and others. Japanese scientists-K. Morinosuke [Morinosuke, 1968 ;Morinosuke, 1969; Morinosuke, 1976], K. Inoue, T. Shigeki, A. Fujiwara and many others [History of the war in the Pacific, 1958].

Secondly, this is the problem of relations between Japan and Mongolia. It was covered on the pages of general studies of Russian Mongolian scholars, such as E. V. Boikova [Boikova, 1982], M. I. Golman [Golman, 1970; Golman, 1988], I. Ya. Zlatkin [Zlatkin, 1957], S. G. Luzyanin [Luzyazin, 1996; Luzyanin, 2003], G. S. Yaskina [Yaskina, 1998; Yaskina, 2002], Western European-O. Lattimore (Lattimore, 1962), R. Rupen (Rupen, 1979; Rupen, 2004), and Japanese - S. Iwamura (Iwamura, 1953), E. Okada (Okada, 1938).

Among the scientists who study the history of relations between Japan and Mongolia, it is necessary to mention the Mongolian scientist Ts. Batbayar and his monograph "Mongolia and Japan in the first half of the XX century". Ts. Batbayar introduced numerous documents from the archival funds of Mongolia, Russia and Japan into scientific circulation. He became "the first Mongolian researcher who managed to eliminate many "white spots" of history on this rich material " [Batbayar, 2002, p. 3]. Batbayar's work is "a thorough analysis from the historical and reformist positions of the reasons for Japan's interest in Mongolia, the background of the creation of the state of Manchukuo, the reasons for the coincidence of the interests of the Soviet Union and Japan in relation to the MNR, the painstaking foreign policy activities of the Mongolian state and Mongolian statesmen who sought international recognition of the MNR at the crossroads of the interests of great powers" [Batbayar, 2002, p.4].

In addition, this is a broad problem of relations between Japan and China. Among its researchers are A. M. Ledovsky [Ledovsky, 1985], M. I. Sladkovsky [Sladkovsky, 1971; Sladkovsky, 1978; Sladkovsky, 1980; Sladkovsky, 1984], and Yu. V. Chudodeev [Chudodeev, 1989; Chudodeev,

Katkova, 1995], as well as V. A. Barmin [Barmin, 1996 (1); Barmin, 1996 (2); Barmin, 1999; Barmin, 2000 (1); Barmin, 2000 (2)] and K. V. Barmin [Barmin, 2004; Barmin, 2005]. This problem was also dealt with by Western researchers-F. Dulles (1946), Norins (1944), Hornbeck (1942), and others.

The Russian state archives - the State Archive of the Russian Federation (GARF), the Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation (WUA of the Russian Federation), the Russian State Military Archive (RGVA), the Russian State Archive of the Navy (RGAVMF), and the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History (RGASPI)-contain a large number of documents related to the research area. the topic. Of particular interest are the materials stored in the RGASPI-documents on the history of the CPSU and the Comintern, especially those that relate to the 1920s and 1930s.

RGASPI was established by a decree of the Government of the Russian Federation in March 1999 by combining the Russian Center for the Storage and Study of Documents of Modern History (RCCIDNI) and the Center for Storing documents of Youth Organizations (TSKDMO). Both merged archives, in turn, were created in 1991 and 1992 on the basis of the Central Party Archive of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism under the Central Committee of the CPSU (CPA) and the Central Archive of the Komsomol (CA Komsomol), which ceased to operate. As of January 1, 2002, there were 685 funds and collections in the RGASPI.

The largest number of materials devoted to Japan's penetration into Central Asian countries was recorded in the fund No. 495. Fund No. 495 contains materials of the Executive Committee of the Comintern (ECCI) for 1919-1943. From the point of view of this problem, the documents of two inventories are particularly interesting: No. 127 (Communist Party of Japan) and No. 154 (Eastern Secretariat of the ICCI).

Inventory No. 127 covers documents of the Communist Party of Japan for 1916-1941. The inventory contains about 600 cases, which can be grouped into the following groups: reviews of the Japanese, Western and Soviet press (cases № 2, 56, 129, 165, 183, 538, 541, 542, 554, 563, 564), reports and articles by various authors (cases No. 75, 359, 560TASS reports (cases # 481, 518, 548, 549), etc.

The Japanese press is represented by the following newspapers: one of the oldest and most famous in the world "Tokyo Asahi", "Mainichi", "Osaka Mainichi", the first daily newspaper in Tokyo "Niti Niti", "Yomiuri", the most widely read English-language newspaper in Japan and abroad. weekly "Japan Chronicle" and "Japan Advertiser"; magazines: "Nihon Oyobi Nihonjin", "Kokumin no tomo", as well as reports of the agency "Domei Tsushin". Among the Western newspapers and magazines: American "New York Times", "New York Gerald Tribune", French "Evr", English "Manchester Guardian", "Daily Telegraph and Morning Post", German" Felkischer Beobachter"," Frankfurter Zeitung","Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung". Moreover, Chinese newspapers such as Xinjianbao, Shengjinshibao, and the English-language China Times are also sometimes mentioned. As well as the press of Manchuria in Russian - "Harbin time", in English - "Manchuria Daily News", in Japanese - "Harbin Niti Niti" and in Chinese - "Dabeixinbao".

These documents cover the main topics:

1) The situation in Manchuria in the 1920s and 1930s, starting from 1923, when Japan began to conclude concession agreements, make direct capital investments and create a favorable customs regime, until the direct military and political intervention of Japan in 1931 and the formation of the puppet state of Manchukuo in 1932 [RGASPI. F. 495. Op. 127. d. 56, 129, 165, 183, 359, 418, 538, 541, 542, 568, 580]. The problem of the South Manchurian Railway was closely connected with this plot [RGASPI. F. 495. Op. 127. D. 56, 183].

2) The War in China in 1937-1945. This period of history is interesting not so much from the point of view of military measures, but from the point of view of what policy Japan pursued on the continent: the declaration of the "new order" and the plan for establishing domination in East Asia [RGASPI. F. 495. Op. 127. D. 56, 183, 481, 538, 549, 563, 564, 573].

3) Japan's domestic policy in the first half of the 20th century. Mainly in archival materials are presented documents and studies on the problem of Japan's penetration into East Asia in the first half of the XX century: the Sino-Japanese war of 1894-1895, the Japanese-Russian War of 1904-1905, the First World War, the events of the 1920s and 1930s, the ideological justification and origins of Japan's aggressive foreign policy [RGASPI. F. 495. Op. 127. D. 129, 165, 183, 359, 481, 518, 538, 542, 554, 560, 563, 564, 568, 573, 575, 577, 580].

4) The international position of Japan in the world in the period 1920-1930, the position of world powers in the light of these events [RGASPI. F. 495. Op. 127. D 2, 75, 129, 165, 183, 518, 538, 554, 563, 564, 580]. Case No. 183 contains reviews of Japanese journals compiled by the Plenipotentiary Mission of the USSR in Japan, as well as a TASS mail report on the domestic and international situation of Japan for 1927. In one of the articles, Kazuo Matsubara, a Doctor of Law, gives a rather detailed account of Japanese foreign policy, the so - called Shidehara diplomacy ("Shidehara diplomacy" is the conciliatory foreign policy of Japan in the 1920s, named after the Japanese politician Shidehara Kijuro, who served as the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Japan in 1924-1927).

Shidehara argued that Japan "has no territorial plans for Manchuria, Mongolia, or any part of China in general" [RGASPI. F. 495. Op. 127. D. 183. L. 30]. On the contrary, Japan "not only actually returned Shandong to China, but also gave up the preferential rights to move capital in Manchuria and Mongolia... she began to preach in the most public way both open doors in China and coexistence and cooperation between Japan and China" [RGASPI. f. 495. Op. 127. D.183. L. 31].

Another article in Case No. 183 examines Japan's neighborly relations with China: "...As for Japan, the whole problem of its existence depends on China. Relations between Japan and China differ from those with Europe and America in their seriosity and importance. These relations, which are based on racial kinship and neighborhood, seem to be innate and constantly accompanying at all times... "[RGASPI. F. 495. Op. 127. D. 183. L. 55].

In addition, the problems of Japan, as mentioned, are reduced to the following question:" how to feed the modern people and the ever-growing in the future " [RGASPI. F. 495. Op. 127. D.183. L. 57]. One of the ways is to limit childbearing, but the Japanese "can not agree with this in any way." They find another way out: "In order to survive at the present time with the help of the manufacturing industry, it is necessary to have extensive sales markets. This is the basic rule. When there are extensive sales markets, large-scale products are born and, only by having large-scale products, it is possible to compete in the international market " [RGASPI. F. 495. Op. 127. D. 183. L. 60].

As for the international situation and the problem of Manchuria and Mongolia, many sources in the Japanese press argue as follows: "Manchuria-Mongolia is the place where the interests of Japan, the USSR and China intersect. Japan hopes to get food in Manchuria-Mongolia in the future, when it has a strong population increase. The U.S.S.R. is seizing on Manchuria-Mongolia in order to maintain Siberia and carry out its political plans. China attaches importance to Manchuria-Mongolia in terms of restoring its sovereignty and internal resettlement. If this is left as it is at present, it will sow the seeds of discord between Japan, the U.S.S.R. and China and will therefore be a misfortune for the Far East" [RGASPI. F. 495. Op. 127. D.183. L. 60].

However, the TASS mail report gives us a different picture of the "positive policy of Sidehar". It is argued that the essence of this policy is precisely to "finally make Manchuria a Japanese colony, to make it the rear of Japan" [RGASPI. F. 495. Op. 127. D.183. L. 115]. Here is also a link to the article" Manchuria and Mongolia "in the December issue of the Diplomatic Review magazine, which publishes an interview with Yamamoto, Chairman of the Board of YUMZHD. Here's what he says about Manchuria: "No country in the world is as economically and geographically adapted as Manchuria and Mongolia to fill the food shortage felt by Japan, whose population is growing by 1 million a year, and to supply its industry with raw materials... In my opinion, the food problem of Japan is already half solved by the development of Manchuria and Mongolia, and ways are also open to supply the industrial sector. raw materials" [RGASPI. F. 495. Op. 127. D. 183. L. 116].

Most of the documents are given in typewritten form, often marked "secret", some of them on tracing paper, which led to poor preservation of the materials.

It should also be mentioned that some information is provided in foreign languages. In such cases, as a rule, a translation of the document into Russian is attached to the case file. Documents in Russian are not duplicated in a foreign language.

Materials of the fund No. 514 are dedicated to the Communist Party of China. Of interest to the study, for example, is inventory No. 1, case 773. This is a calendar-directory of the Consulate General of the USSR in Harbin for April 1, 1933 with the stamp "not subject to disclosure". Here are collected documents, press reviews on the main events in the Sino-Japanese conflict and events in Manchuria for the period from September 18, 1931 to December 31, 1932. The calendar was compiled by press assistant L. B. Paley on the basis of materials from the Soviet and foreign press (Izvestia, Pravda). Unfortunately, we only have a copy for 1932.

Interesting documents of case No. 111 [RGASPI. F. 154. Op. 1. D. 111], which are a collection of articles from Japanese newspapers and magazines. Unfortunately, no data on the origin of the material has been preserved, but a Japanese version of the title of the article is always attached, as well as translator's notes, which allows us to state that the articles were originally written in Japanese.

This case contains an article from the Harbin Niti Niti newspaper dated September 7, 1924 [RGASPI. F. 154. Op. 1. D. 111. L. 51] under the heading "The upcoming scientific expedition to Mongolia by the son of former Prime Minister Kyour". The article reports that the son of the former Prime Minister, together with like-minded people, organized the "Asian Research Society" and as "the first practical step in the activities of this society, he intends to carry out a scientific expedition to Outer and Inner Mongolia" [RGASPI. F. 154. Op. 1. D.111. L. 51]. In addition, the article contains data on the expedition route, approximate crew size, terms of completion and tasks of the expedition. "The vast riches of Mongolia have not been studied at all, since no systematic and scientific survey of them has been conducted so far. Meanwhile, the industrialists and capitalists of Japan have a strong desire to use their capital to develop these riches. However, they are not able to do so, as they are too little familiar with these riches, their condition and the nature of Mongolia." And then: "The tasks of the expedition are to explore these innumerable natural resources of Mongolia, to give a complete picture of them to the industrial circles of Japan, and to interest them in them" [RGASPI. F. 154. Op. 1. D. 111. L. 52].

The foundation's documents No. 532 are devoted to the Communist University of the Workers of the East (KUTV) for 1921-1938, the Research Institute of National and Colonial Problems (NCP Research Institute) for 1936-1939. These are mainly materials from inventory # 4. It should be noted that unlike inventory # 127 and # 495, it is difficult to divide cases into certain types (press reviews, articles, notes). But you can classify them by different topics: 1) the problem of North-Western China (Xinjiang, East Turkestan) [RGASPI. F. 532. Op. 4. D. 327, 328, 329, 330]; 2) the problem of Mongolia and Manchuria [RGASPI. f. 532. Op. 4. D. 335, 337, 338, 339].

For the analysis of Japan's goals in Central Asia, case No. 328 is of interest [RGASPI. F. 532. Op. 4. D. 328]. This is the work of a well-known journalist and publicist Semyon Nikolaevich Rostovsky. Xinjiang itself, "which before the general crisis of capitalism was the closest stronghold in the struggle of Russian imperialism for the domination of Asia," is characterized as "a springboard for intervention against the USSR, organized by Anglo-Japanese imperialism" [RGASPI. f. 532. Op. 4. D. 328. L. 91]. To improve communication with Xinjiang, various measures are being taken, as mentioned in the article, "three communication options": a railway connection ("extending the Beiping-Suiyuan railway to Xinjiang"), a road ("Rough roads have already been laid" by the works of the Franco-Chinese expedition organized by Citroen) and air travel ("Europe with Shanghai via Xinjiang"). And, as reported in the article, " so far, especially energetic in this direction (air direction. - Author's note) operates the German company "Evrasian Aviation Corporation", associated with Japanese imperialism " [RGASPI. F. 532. Op. 4. D. 328. L. 91-93]. The paper points out Japan's specific plans for China and Asia in general: "Japan has long dreamed of taking over all of China", the creation of a "Great Manchurian-Mongol Empire", which will include " Manchuria, Mongolia, Outer and Inner Tibet, Sichuan, Chahar Province, Gansu and Xin-Jiang." But, it is claimed, "this can only satisfy the initial appetites of Japanese imperialism," and in fact Japan "needs all of China, and then all of Asia." As for Xinjiang specifically, it is "included in the plans of the Japanese imperialists as one of the links for a strike on the USSR, in particular on Central Asia, for a strike

across the Urals and Kuzbass in case of war with the USSR". The author believes that Japan is aware of "the natural riches of Xinjiang, in particular the presence of gold and oil" [RGASPI. f. 532. Op. 4. D. 328. L. 218].

The Japanese chose certain "Japanese missionaries" [RGASPI. f. 532. Op. 4. D. 328. L. 95], "several different groups" [RGASPI. F. 532. Op. 4. D. 328. L. 218], the Turkish monarchical emigration, as well as the Dungan General Ma Zhu-Ying [RGASPI. f. 532. Op. 4. D. 328. L. 219]. It is reported that the Dungan movement "is taken under the leadership of Japanese figures from the general staff," and Ma Joo-Ying is a Japanese agent and puts forward "the slogan of creating a Muslim state with Abdul Kerim (a Turkish monarchical emigrant) at the head." The state itself should later become an integral part of the Manchu-Mongol Empire of Pu I [RGASPI. f. 532. Op. 4. D. 328. L. 225].

Fund No. 558 is the personal fund of J. V. Stalin. Of interest here is Inventory No. 3, case No. 98 of T. O'conroy's book "The Japanese Threat" (translated from English) for 1934. Professor Trade O'conroy, an Irishman by birth, lived and taught in Denmark, Russia, Turkey and Japan. He said that he was ready to share the national worldviews of each country. Arriving in Japan, he married a Japanese woman from an aristocratic family, but the marriage took place only after he overcame incredible opposition from his wife's relatives. He taught at Keio University ("Oxford of Japan"), at the Imperial Naval Staff Academy, in evening schools and in schools of various technical organizations, and this in order to understand the worldview of different strata of Japanese society. The official position made it possible to attend the imperial receptions held twice a year, as well as official banquets and celebrations that were accessible only to representatives of the ruling classes.

A. V. Curtis, who lived in Japan for more than 60 years and is known to all foreigners in this country by the nickname "the great elder of Japan", wrote a letter to Professor O'conroy in 1928, where he highly appreciated the author's work. On the way to England, Professor O'conroy spent six months in Geneva, where he studied the League of Nations organization and the International Labour Office, and the President of the League of Nations, I. De Valera, used part of O'conroy's still-handwritten book to prepare for a speech on Japanese policy in Manchuria.

So, as we can see from all of the above, a rather interesting picture is unfolding before us. The Japanese authorities, on the one hand, reject any territorial claims in relation to the regions of Central Asia, but on the other hand, they claim that Japan really has a problem of lack of land and resources due to the increase in the population. Thus, the Japanese claim that the Mongol-Manchurian region, due to its geographical and strategic location, should become a source of necessary resources.

Soviet information sources insist that it is Manchuria-Mongolia that is the object of colonial subjugation on the part of Japan, which -

Russia is trying to get into East Asia, to introduce its own forces. Moreover, the area of influence is not limited exclusively to Manchuria-Mongolia. It also includes Outer and Inner Tibet, Sichuan, Chahar, Gansu and Xinjiang provinces, and plans to create a Muslim state led by Abdul Kerim under the protectorate of Japan in the future.

The documents of the Russian State Academy of Natural Sciences are of undoubted interest for historical research, since they have not yet been introduced into scientific circulation, have not been published almost anywhere, and the topic of research itself has not attracted proper attention until recently.

The peak of the geopolitical confrontation between the USSR and Japan, the interest of the USSR to prevent the expansion of Japan into the countries of East and Central Asia and, accordingly, to establish its control in these territories, falls on the 1930s-1940s.

From the point of view of the current geopolitical challenges for modern Russia and the current achievements of Japan, analytical works on Japan's political and economic penetration into the countries of East and Central Asia will be of undoubted practical importance. The research base will be primarily based on materials from Russian state archives, in particular the Russian State Archives of Natural Resources.

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