PACIFIC NEIGHBORHOOD CONSORTIUM ANNUAL CONFERENCE-2009 1

Meetings of the annual Conference of the Pacific Neighborhood Consortium 2009 (PNC-2009) were held at the Sinica Academy (Taipei) from October 6 to 8, 2009. In addition to the joint meetings with the Electronic Historical and Cultural Atlas Initiative (ECAI), the first conference "GIS in the Humanities and Social Sciences-2009" was held within the framework of PNC - 2009.". The Conference of Advanced Technology Training - 2009 (TELearn - 2009) was also held jointly with PNC - 2009. The theme "Social computerization"was chosen as a common theme for all meetings. The events were organized by the Pacific Neighborhood Consortium, the Sinica Academy, the Electronic Historical and Cultural Atlas Initiative, the Taiwan National Science Council, the Taiwan Ministry of Education, the Taiwan E - Learning and Digital Archives Program, GIS in the Humanities and Social Sciences - 2009, and Advanced Technology Training-2009. The conference was financially supported by the Taiwan Ministry of Education.

The Pacific Neighborhood Consortium conference had 14 sections. 58 sectional and 6 program reports were presented. The Conference of Advanced Technological Training was held in two sections: poster presentations and oral presentations. 33 poster presentations and 18 oral presentations were presented. In total, more than 300 researchers from 18 countries participated in the joint sessions. The sessions were held simultaneously in three scientific classrooms.

The day before the opening of the conference, on October 4, a one-day workshop "Application of historical and cultural atlases in basic research" was held, organized by the Initiative for Creating electronic Historical and Cultural atlases in cooperation with the GIS Center of the Academy of Geophysics. At the seminar, a working version of the electronic atlas of religions of China and the Himalayas, created on the basis of Google Earth, was demonstrated. A description of the software was given, its functionality was described in detail, and databases of religions in China and the Himalayas were demonstrated.

The annual conference was opened by Chao-Han Liu, President of the Pacific Neighborhood Consortium and Vice President of the Sinica Academy. Program Manager in the Information and Intelligent Systems Division of the National Science Foundation S. M. Griffin

1 In this review, the author focuses on the reports of Oriental studies.

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He made a presentation "Finding the past through data processing: new technologies for cultural heritage", in which he considered the role of modern technologies in the discovery, preservation, restoration, and study of a wide range of world cultural heritage sites. He noted that a large number of the most important evidence of the past, which could play a key role in understanding both antiquity and modernity, is ignored, destroyed, destroyed or dispersed to different parts of the world. These are inscriptions on various media, manuscripts and documents, images, objects and monuments of history and culture. The use of computer-based data processing techniques can have a decisive impact both on our understanding of changes that occurred over long periods of time, and on the ability to restore what would seem to have been irretrievably lost.

As examples, the speaker listed the project of indexing and discovering objects of primitive rock art and ancient petroglyphs; the project of digital visualization of cuneiform tablets, implemented jointly by the University of California (Los Angeles) and the Institute for the History of Science named after A. A. Abramovich. Max Planck [http://cdli.ucla.edu]; a project to digitize the Buddhist canon, led by L. Lancaster (University of California, Berkeley) [http://ecai.org/]; a project to restore the Archimedes manuscript found on a medieval palimpsest, carried out by researchers at Stanford University [http://www.archimedespalimpsest.org/], a system that allows you to read manuscripts, scrolls, and books without opening them. and without deploying them, developed at the universities of Texas and Kentucky [http://www.digimorph.org/; http://www.vis.uky.edu/], etc. Major international projects such as the Initiative to create electronic historical and Cultural atlases were also highlighted [http://ecai.org/], Perseus Project (Library of Ancient Texts) [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/], Global Memory Web (World Image Library) [http://www.memorynet.org/home.php], Internet archive [http://www.archive.org/index.php], a World Digital Library created with the support of UNESCO [http://www.wdl.org/ru/], and so on.

Meetings of the section "ECAI Historical and Cultural atlases" began with a report by K. Ryavecha (University of Wisconsin) " Atlas of Religions in China and the Himalayas: sources and methodology for making bindings to Taoist, Buddhist, and Islamic Sites." The atlas, in particular, contains information gleaned from an 1820 publication on 2,407 Buddhist temples and monasteries founded between the Han and Qing dynasties. The locations of temples are not completely accurate: they are linked to the nearest known point (usually a district), indicated in the "Historical GIS of China" database. 1,030 mosques founded in the period from the Tang Dynasty to the present were digitized according to the directory of mosques of China published in 1994. Geographical correspondence was made on the basis of data from the 2000 census of the People's Republic of China. Similarly, 243 Taoist temples were digitized and linked, with information contained in three reference books recently published in China. One of the main goals of the project is to identify the historical center of distribution of each religious tradition.

C. P. Vannikova (Center for Oriental Manuscripts and Woodcuts, IMBT SB RAS) presented a new project to create an electronic historical and cultural atlas "Buddhism in Russia: Buryatia and Transbaikalia". The idea of creating the atlas was born while working on the publication "The Land of Vajrapani: Buddhism in Transbaikalia", published in 2008. To create this book, which can rightly be called the encyclopedia of Buryat Buddhism, a large amount of text and illustrative material was collected: documentary photographs of various eras, maps, illustrations of works of art. The technical basis of the project, which will be launched in 2010 with the support of the Russian Foundation for Scientific Research, will be Google map technology with the Time map extension. The implementation of the project will allow us to trace in detail the peculiarities of the development of Buddhism in Buryatia in its doctrinal, cultural, ethnographic and everyday aspects since the end of the XVII century. until now.

Le Cong Hau (Vietnam Buddhist University) spoke about the work on creating a database for the historical and cultural atlas of Buddhism in Vietnam. The project was launched in 2007. Vietnam Buddhist University in collaboration with ECAI. In two years, a software shell based on Google Earth was created, prints of inscriptions on stelae and tombstones were prepared for digitization, and information about 1073 Buddhist temples was collected. One of the sources of information is published prints of inscriptions that have been collected by the French School of Far Eastern Studies (EFEO) and the Han-Nom Research Institute since the beginning of the 20th century. Their publication was started in 2002. To date, 10 thousand have been published. over-

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pisey: 10 volumes of 1 thousand inscriptions each. The speaker described the features of each of the groups of sources included in the database, problems and prospects for further work.

A. A. Stolyarov (Institute of History of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow) continued the presentation of the database of Early Medieval North Indian Letters of Commendation, which he started at the III International Conference on Remote Data Collection in Archaeology (Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India, August 17-21, 2009).) [Stolyarov, 2010]. According to the speaker, we can talk about three stages of project development. To date, the first stage - the accumulation of primary information-has been almost completed. A system has been created that consists of several interconnected tables, two of which are represented as main tables. This is the Copperplates table, which includes more than 1,250 entries, of which the share of actually awarded certificates is more than 1,020 entries; the Publications table consists of more than 3,250 entries. The level of structuring of the first table is extremely undeveloped; the fields in it are not worked out, in some of them information is stored in an "encrypted" form. At the second stage, the database structure should be developed and created, in which the entire amount of information will be described most clearly and succinctly. This makes it possible to transfer the database from the "planar" to the "three-dimensional" level, turning it into a system that claims to describe some objective historical model. The speaker described in detail the structure of records and the principles of filling in fields, and also showed ways to expand the database by creating new tables. At the third stage, analytical work with the resulting model should begin. You can already formulate a number of questions that will be answered by the database. For example, with the help of available data, you can track the distribution directions of letters of grant across the territory of Northern India in space and time. There are at least hundreds of similar tasks and "micro-studies" in the process of working with the database. In general, the created database seems to be a powerful tool that can significantly increase the level of objectivity of historical science, at least within the framework of the topic described (see also: [http://www.didb.org/]).

D. Blundell (National University of Chengchi, Taiwan) in his presentation "Mapping Pacific languages as a means of documenting local Cultures and languages through a sense of space", he continued his linguistic survey of the Formosa languages of Taiwan, in particular Bashi, which belongs to the Malayo-Polynesian family and is widespread in Taiwan's Orchid Island and Iwatan Island of the Batan Archipelago Philippines [Blundell, 2009, pp. 33-47]. The survey is being conducted as part of a project implemented by the ECAI Polynesian research group [http://ecai.org/batanesatlas/] in accordance with the UNESCO recommendations on tangible and intangible cultural heritage sites.

The reports presented at the section "Context of digitized content" described the tools that allow you to manage large amounts of data. Specialists in the fields of library science, information technology, mapping, and metadata creation need to develop such tools.

Hung Jen-Jo (Dharma Drama Buddhist College-DDBC, Taiwan), using the DDBC digital archive of prominent figures in the history of Buddhism as an example, demonstrated the technology (virtual devices) with which information about dating, personalities, and geographical location can be borrowed from the DDBC archive by other digital archives [http://authority.ddbc.edu.tw/docs/].

O. Rinchinov (Center for Oriental Manuscripts and Woodcuts - TSVRK IMBT SB RAS) noted the importance of the center as a source base for digital library projects. TSVRK has the largest collection of Tibetan and Mongolian manuscripts and woodcuts in Russia: more than 40 thousand Tibetan and 6500 Mongolian copies reflecting various aspects of the history and culture of Buryatia. Two-thirds of this collection is cataloged. Data submission is performed through the CVRK web portal [http://imbtarchive.ru], which opens access to the electronic catalog of collections, image gallery, and project description.

Howie Lan (University of California, Berkeley) presented a new method for modeling traditional Buddhist texts, which allows them to be given various forms suitable for visualization and transformation into abstraction, which allows for more efficient subsequent analysis.

The section "Conservation of biological diversity - creation of a database of invasive species" discussed the problems of organizing a system for effective exchange of information on invasive species, including the assessment of their damage, their prevalence and methods of control, which is very important for maintaining biological diversity in the world. With this goal-

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lew A team of specialists from the World Conservation Union has developed a web site for the world invasive species database [http://www.invasivespecies.net/database/reference/index.asp], which includes information on more than 650 species, including the 100 worst alien invasive species in the world. The reports read out at the section described the databases of invasive species of New Zealand and Taiwan - separately for flora and fauna, as well as the information network (TASIN) developed by Taiwanese researchers [http://tasin.tfri.gov.tw/ (in Chinese)] and the Taiwan Alien and Invasive Species Database (TASBASE). It contains information on 1,725 alien and invasive species in Taiwan, including their images.

In parallel with the above-mentioned sections, the first day of the conference also included the sections "Electronic resources and digital repositories" (two sessions), "Digital archives as elements of social software tools", "Humanitarian GIS in Japan: Analysis of data from the humanities from a spatial and temporal point of view" (two sessions) and " GIS for Protection life".

At the section" Electronic Resources and Digital Repositories", P. Zhou (University of California, Berkeley) presented a report on" How research libraries are becoming electronic knowledge networks", which gave an overview of the main trends in the creation of digital knowledge repositories and their impact on research libraries. With the development and widespread use of electronic forms of recording information, research libraries began to connect their resources to global information networks. These trends do not endanger the existence of research libraries, they only change and modernize their profile, force them to search for and apply new strategies and approaches in recruitment, interlibrary cooperation, and access to available information. According to the speaker, our future lies in combining libraries with such large companies as Google, the Internet Archive, Amazon, and the Open Book Alliance in order to create global knowledge networks.

A group of researchers from the Computer Science Department of National Taiwan University (NTU), led by Jie Xian, presented a report on the relationships between land deeds collected in the Digital Library of Taiwanese History (THDL), a full-text database of historical documents created by NTU specialists. The database includes about 30 thousand users. land acts of the first half of the XVII - end of the XIX century relating to the western regions of Taiwan, taken from almost 60 sources. The system provides the ability to search, compare, analyze, and verify available information. The use of information technologies allowed us to discover important relationships between the studied objects, which are difficult to detect for traditional research methods. The authors hope that the Digital Library of Taiwanese History will promote collaboration between historians and information technology specialists and become one of the examples of digital technology application to the humanities.

The section also included presentations on the technical tools used in digitizing collections in the East Asian and other specialized libraries of Stanford University, as well as the libraries of the University of Hong Kong and National Taiwan University.

The main topic of the section "Digital archives as elements of social software tools" was to gain new knowledge in the field of digitization. On this basis, following the spread of global information communication and exchange, various communities began to emerge, one of which is social software tools, in particular an information platform that combines the functions of dissemination, distribution and creation of information. Digital archives have ceased to be a self-sufficient cultural asset, and now they play a key role in obtaining new knowledge.

General Director of the National Central Library of Taiwan, Karl Ming Ku, presented the concept of creating a digital service system focused on specific users who will not only build a virtual space around themselves, but also, by creating wide channels of information exchange, approach the acquisition of comprehensive knowledge and will contribute to the further development of intelligence.

Dharma Dram Amin Tu, Vice President of the Buddhist College, addressed the issue of studying and creating electronic resources on Buddhism in Taiwan and combining international archives on Buddhism. With the support of the Taiwan Digital Archives Expansion Project, the Taiwan E-Learning and Digital Archives Program (TELDAP), and the Buddhist Digital Archives Group DDBC, several POP projects are currently underway-

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denmark Buddhist digital archives. Amin Tu described three projects implemented jointly by TELDAP / DDBC: An electronic catalog Database of the Tipitaka Buddhist Canon [http://jinglu.cbeta.org/]; Electronic resources on Buddhist lexicography [http://sites.google.com/site/bud-dhistreferencetools/Home]; Collection of electronic texts of the Chinese Buddhist canon Tipitaka, Taipei edition [http://taipei.ddbc.edu.tw/]. The speaker emphasized that on the basis of these projects, a single platform of the United International Archives on Buddhism (IBA) is being built, which will not only unite information resources on Buddhism scattered in all corners of the information world, but also create a single space for the exchange of ideas and experience in the field of digitization.

S. Ching and S. Cheung (Hong Kong City University Library-GUG) spoke about the joint project of electronic indexing of the Han 'guk munjip anthology of Korean classics The anthology consists of 3,000 volumes written by more than 3,000 Korean authors in classical Chinese, and covers the period from the United Silla Dynasty (early 7th century).) to the present day. The anthology includes works on philosophy, history, art, political and social sciences, economics, military affairs, geography, astrology, etc. The project is being implemented jointly by the Center for the Study of Chinese Civilization and the GUG Library and Jinan University of Guangzhou Province. The GUG Library is the only book depository in China with this anthology. The implementation of the project will achieve an important goal. It will act as a bridge between users and the collection, since few readers have access to these valuable materials in home libraries; between works written in classical Chinese and modern youth, helping them to correctly master the necessary terminology; it will provide Korean equivalents to Chinese titles, which will facilitate their interpretation. The project development perspective is to expand the information base, organize discussions, and attract new participants.

At the section "Humanitarian GIS in Japan: Analysis of data from the humanities from a spatial and temporal point of view", reports were read out by Japanese scientists representing one of the leading scientific groups in Japan conducting research at the intersection of humanities and information disciplines.

The first two reports read out at the section dealt with similar topics. Mamoru Sibayama (Research Center) presented the report "Transformation of the urban environment of Hanoi in the XIX-XXI centuries from the point of view of regional informatics". Southeast Asia at Kyoto University). The author of the second report, "Spatial and temporal analysis of urban transformation in Hanoi", was Guo Yenizawa (Institute of Sustainability Problems at Kyoto University). Both reports were devoted to the project, the main goal of which is to create a new scientific direction - regional informatics (area informatics), combining computer science with almost all academic disciplines, including nature and human ecology, environmental studies, sociology, history, cultural studies, economics and political science. One of the key themes of the project is the process of shaping the urban environment of Hanoi in the XIX-XXI centuries.

Mamoru Shibayama described a method for performing spatial analysis of various sources, including maps, satellite images, cadastral plans, surveys of ruins and small objects, using GIS technologies and remote data collection. Based on this, a detailed review of the transformation of the urban environment of Hanoi in the XIX-XXI centuries, and in particular the process of interaction of urbanization with the organization of water spaces and rural settlements of the pre-colonial period, was given.

Guo Yenizawa's report described a digital model of Hanoi's topography designed to elucidate the role of topography changes in the transformation of the urban environment. This model is the most important element of the topographic analysis of the urban environment, taking into account such elements as old riverbeds and lake beds, filling and subsidence of soil, etc. The model built for Hanoi based on 2005 indicators took into account data collected at 8,015 locations. The data obtained were compared with a map published in France in 1950. The places of filling and subsidence of soil were identified, which is very important for studying the transformation of the urban environment, since using only two-dimensional or three-dimensional analysis, it is difficult to determine the cause of the disappearance of a large number of lakes and ponds.

The report by Toshihiko Kishi (Kanagawa University, Yokohama) "Verification of demographic analysis by the Demographic Statistics Database Management System" described the methodology for conducting such analysis using the example of reviewing the ino demographic statistics database-

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foreign countries in pre-war China (i.e., during its occupation) [http://area.net.cias.kyoto-u.ac.jp/statis-tics/].

Msuru Aida (National Institute of Japanese Literature) presented a report on the ontology of Japanese place names with the subtitle "Presentation of the model of knowledge discovery using the database of the Dictionary of Japanese place names and GIS information". The compiler of the "Dictionary of Place Names of Great Japan", Togo Yoshida, began work on it in 1895. In 1907, the first edition of the dictionary was published in 12 volumes, in 1909 - its continuation. The dictionary includes about 54 thousand articles related to the Japanese Archipelago, Sakhalin and Taiwan. The speaker digitized the index of articles, placed it on a map and supplemented it with GIS information, and demonstrated how much the information content of the system created by him has increased compared to the dictionary.

Yoshikatsu Nagata (Osaka City University) provided a descriptive and statistical overview of the distribution of displaced populations in two new villages in Northeastern Thailand. Two series of topographic maps from the 1950s and 1980s were compared, covering an area of 170,000 square kilometers, where about 21 million people lived in 2006.

The section "GIS for Life Protection" opened with a report by Porani Thanapakpavin and Royol Chitradon (Institute of Hydro - and Agroinformatics of Thailand) on the use of computer applications for water resource risk management. The survey identified areas of Thailand that are prone to both droughts and floods.

Jang Tsang-yun (Hydraulic Engineer) Research institutes and Research Centers. Taiwan) spoke about the use of maps that provide flood risk assessments. Built by numerical modeling for various precipitation scenarios, these maps are integrated into government GIS databases and used by regional administrations to manage land use in flood warning systems and other emergency situations to deal with their consequences.

Xiao-Yuan (Samuel) The Iin (Land and Water Conservation Bureau-SWCB-of the Taiwan Agriculture Council) described an alluvial flow monitoring system consisting of 13 automated stations. If the precipitation threshold is exceeded, the system automatically switches to "incident mode" and all information is transmitted to the emergency response center for decision-making. The purpose of installing automatic stations is to collect information to understand the physical mechanism of alluvial flow formation, which, in turn, will help in developing a system for preventing the consequences of this natural disaster.

Min-Do Su (National University of Taiwan) reported on the use of spatial data analysis, in particular GIS, in epidemiology. The report was replete with many examples, including Taiwan.

Hoang Minh Hien (Vietnam Disaster Center) and Vu Ngoc Chau (Vietnam Ministry of Agriculture and Development) discussed the use of GIS and remote data collection systems for disaster management. According to the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank and other organizations, Vietnam is one of the five countries most affected by natural disasters, which, in particular, include rising ocean levels, storms and storm surges, flash floods, floods, droughts, tornadoes, soil salinization, coastal erosion, landslides, earthquakes,etc. typhoons, tsunamis, forest fires and, as a result, climate change. In addition to traditional methods, GIS, global positioning system, remote data collection using meteorological satellites, communication satellites and Earth observation satellites, the Internet, digital modeling, integration measurements, etc. are increasingly being used to combat the consequences of natural disasters. geographic information consortium.

The second day of the conference was devoted to program reports. Liu Cui-yun, Vice President of the Sinica Academy and Director of the Taiwan E-Learning and Digital Archives Program, in her report "The Impact of Digital Archives on the Humanities", examined the process of creating and developing digital archives of classical documents and objects of material culture and the role of this process for research in the humanities and social sciences. The creation of full-text databases in Chinese was started in the summer of 1984 at the Sinica Academy jointly by the Computer Center and the Institute of History and Philology. Institutes of modern history, Taiwanese history, linguistics, Chinese literature and philosophy and computer science have joined this process. By 1997, full-text databases known as "Scripta Sinica" consisted of large groups of texts for various industries

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The amount of knowledge available online was more than 350 million rubles. иероглифов [http://dbo.sinica.edu.tw/~tdbproj/handy1/].

Thus, the ground was set for the project of digitization of archives, which was initiated by the establishment of the Committee on Archival Documentation in 1996. Nine institutes of the Department of Humanities and Social Sciences took part in it. By the time the GIS Center was formed in the Department in 2006, researchers at the Sinica Academy had created more than one GIS database. Among them are such outstanding databases as the Chinese Civilization in Time and Space (CCTS) [http://ccts.sinica.edu.tw/] and Taiwanese History and Culture in Time and Space (THCTS) http://thcts.sinica.edu.tw/]. Digital resources created at the Sinica Academy so far are stored in direct access mode in 11 collections [http://digiarch.sinica.edu.tw/index.jsp.].

In 2008, it was decided to merge the National Digital Archives Program (NDAP 2002 - 2007) and the National E-Learning Science and Technology Program (ELNP 2003 - 07) into one called the Taiwan E - Learning and Digital Archives Program (TELDAP). 12 major scientific and cultural organizations of the country participate in TELDAP, such as the Sinika Academy, the National Taiwan University, the State Central Library, the National Archives Administration, the Imperial Palace Museum, etc. In addition, many regional organizations also participate in the program. Cooperation has also been established with 64 institutes and organizations in 13 countries, including nine Russian organizations. The report describes in detail the impact of the project on the scientific, technical, cultural, educational, socio-economic aspects of life in Taiwan [http://culture.teldap.tw/].

Pierre-Yves Mangin (French School of Far EasternStudies) gave a presentation on the history of this school, founded in 1900, its collections and museums, as well as on the global, interdisciplinary, three-year (2008 - 2010) program "Ancient Khmer Landscapes (LDC): creating a digital corpus of archaeological and epigraphic data", undertaken by in order to "organize" a large amount of data accumulated and stored in EFEO. The information system being created, which operates in direct access mode, should cover not only everything that was accumulated in the Khmer Empire in previous years, starting from the XIX century (images, reports, plans, maps, etc.), but also research currently being conducted. The vast majority of them are implemented in digital format (databases, image collections, computer-aided design systems, GIS, spreadsheets, and text files). P.-I. Manzhen described in detail the architecture of the information system created for the LDC program, the stages of its development. The LDC program should bring together scientists working in the field under study (historians, archaeologists, epigraphists, architects, and art historians), librarians, and database and GIS specialists to modernize and standardize the processes of creating, describing, and storing digital collections and presenting them in direct access mode.

On the last day of the conference, there were six sections: "Dissemination of Austronesian languages", "New projects and prospects for the study of Ancient China", "Application of e-education and digital archives in the academic, educational and socio-cultural spheres", "Social computerization and its applications", "Museum and information technologies" and "Manifestations of electronic culture". cultures in everyday life". The most interesting reports from the point of view of Oriental studies were read out in the first two sections.

The reports of the section "Distribution of Austronesian languages" noted that despite the fact that archaeologists, anthropologists, linguists and geneticists have been dealing with the problems of the settlement of Austronesians and the spread of Austronesian languages for more than a hundred years, the research results and conclusions obtained using various approaches are not always comparable with each other. This topic was developed in the report "Genetic Perspective of Taiwan, Southeast Asia and the Pacific", presented by S. Oppenheimer (Institute of Cognitive and Evolutionary Anthropology, Oxford University). He noted that the significant spread of Austronesian languages in Southeast Asia, Oceania, and Taiwan, as well as the near-consensus reached by linguists on their Taiwanese origin, has given rise to a desire among scientists to find material and cultural traces of similar distribution in the late Holocene and Neolithic, which allegedly led to the displacement of the oldest population of Taiwan to Southeast Asia and other regions. However, the genetic pattern of migrations that occurred in the Pacific area during the Pleistocene and early Holocene epochs does not give grounds for such a model.

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hypotheses. The distribution of common genetic markers in Southeast Asia and Near Oceania suggests several waves of migration from Southeast Asia that took place in the early Holocene, rather than a hypothetical single expansion from Taiwan in the relatively recent Neolithic era, as a result of which hunters and gatherers were displaced to the island part of Southeast Asia. In fact, there is almost no evidence that Taiwan was the main source of the Pacific gene, and there is also no evidence that the gene spread beyond the Wallace lineage: from insular Southeast Asia to Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia. On the contrary, it is possible to assume the presence of more ancient origins of derived Asian lines originating in Melanesia, on the Bismarck Islands in the early Holocene epoch.

A team of specialists from the Research Laboratory of Molecular Anthropology and Transfusion Medicine at Makei Memorial Hospital (Taipei) presented the results of a genetic survey of representatives of lowland tribal groups in Taiwan. These tribes belong to autochthonous aboriginal groups of non-Taiwan origin. The study showed that they share genes with mountain aborigines of Taiwanese origin (moved more than 15 thousand years ago) and people from the island and continental Southeast Asia, but almost nothing in common with people from the continental NEA. The study of ancient DNA structures revealed that the genetic relationship of lowland aborigines with natives of continental Southeast Asia (and NEA) not only began 400 years ago by mixing with the population of the south-eastern coast of China (modern point of view), but can also be pushed back by 4 thousand years (or earlier) - to the ancient sea settlers from continental East Asia of the prehistoric period. Thus, it is possible to speak about the existence of two genetic lines in the lowland aborigines of Taiwan: kinship with mountain aborigines of Taiwanese origin and/or with natives of island Southeast Asia; possible ancient kinship with natives of continental Southeast ASIA, which pushes the time of colonization of lowland areas of Taiwan from the generally accepted 400 years ago to several millennia earlier.
Cheng-hwa Tsan (Institute of History and Philology of the Academy of Sinica in the report "A new hypothesis about the origin and distribution of Austronesians", having considered and commented on 13 hypotheses put forward during the XX century, puts forward a new one, based on data obtained by archaeologists working in Taiwan and neighboring regions, and called the " multi-route hypothesis". According to it, the ancestors of the Austronesians who lived in the coastal zone of the Pearl River Delta, Hainan Island and the Gulf of Tonkin could have sailed not only to Taiwan, but possibly to the Philippine Islands and Sarawak Island by many routes, and not only through Taiwan.

Paul Jen-kuei Lee (Institute of Linguistics, Sinica Academy) approached the problem of the distribution of Austronesian languages using migration theory and the methodology of linguistic paleontology. Starting from the hypothesis of Eduard Sapir (1916), according to which the area of greatest linguistic diversity is most likely to be the center of distribution of a language family or subgroup, the speaker considers the main hypotheses proposed for grouping the languages of the Austronesian family. The hypotheses of Dien (1965), Starosta (1995), Blast (1999), Sagart (2004), and Ross (2009) are considered. With the exception of Dayen, all of them call Taiwan the center of the greatest linguistic diversity. As a result, the speaker comes to the conclusion that the plains of southwestern Taiwan were most likely the center of the early (about 5 thousand years ago) distribution of Austronesian languages.

The topic of the spread of Austronesian languages was continued by L. Reid (Hawaiian University in Manoa and National University of Hawaii). Ch'in Hua University in Sinchu) in the report "On the Austronesian spread to the Philippines". L. Reid reviewed various points of view, focusing on the analysis of linguistic evidence for Taiwan. It was Eastern Taiwan, in his opinion, that was the birthplace of the Austronesians, who then settled in the Philippines. In support of his point of view, L. Reid provides new evidence based on the paradigmatic structure of the pronoun system in Western Malayo-Polynesian languages. According to L. Reid, the migration of Austronesians to the Philippines was very dynamic and took place simultaneously with their migration through the Philippines to Indonesia according to a model that can be conditionally called the "express express"expansion model. This evidence is consistent not only with lexical and phonological data, but also with archaeological data, according to which during the first few hundred years after the first migration of immigrants from Taiwan, related dialects must have existed, stretching in a chain from the north of the Philippine archipelago to Eastern Indonesia and beyond.

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A group of researchers from the Institute of History and Philology and the Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology of the Sinica Academy, as well as the Three Valley Foundation Taiwan Archaeological Center, led by Quang-ti Lee, presented the report "Taiwan as the home of the Austronesians: new findings in the shell dump and their interpretation". The report is a report on the results of excavations conducted in the Tainan Scientific and Industrial Zone in 1996-2008. 58 archaeological sites were discovered here, rescue operations were carried out in 34 of them. The report mainly analyzes the findings found at two sites of the so-called Tapenken culture, whose age is estimated at approximately 5 thousand years. The large number of shells found, whole and fragmentary, with applied ornaments, indicates that the people of the Tapenken culture were undoubtedly connected with the ocean. A large number of charred grains of rice and millet, along with other finds (ceramics, objects of material culture), allowed us to hypothesize that the ancient Austronesians who lived in the coastal zone of the Pearl River Delta at least 5 thousand years ago and moved to Taiwan around this time, in addition to hunting and gathering, were also engaged in agriculture.
The first half of the section "New Projects and Prospects for Ancient China Research" was essentially a seminar organized by the University of California (Merced) with the support of the Sinica Academy and ECAI. Presentations at the workshop and the discussion that followed discussed an international project to create a virtual museum of the Western Han Dynasty, which was launched in 2008 and is being implemented by the University of California (Merced), Jiatong University of Technology in Xi'an, and Xi'an Municipal Institute of Archaeology and Cultural Heritage Conservation. It is noteworthy that two of the reports read out during the seminar were held via videoconference using Skype. This is, in particular, the report "Western Han Dynasty Museum: from three-dimensional data collection to three-dimensional spatial analysis", prepared by Paola di Giusepantonio di Franco and Fabrizio Galeazzi (School of Social Sciences). and humanit. University of California, Merced). The report stated that the developers and participants of the project chose a high-quality method of displaying monuments and objects of material culture of the dynasty as the main approach. Thanks to the creation of high-precision copies of the frescoes found in the mausoleum, and cyber-maps built on their basis, it was possible to conduct a spatial-relative analysis of the scenes depicted on them, which made it possible to understand not only their symbolism and the idea of the creators, but also the place of each of the elements of the mausoleum relative to its environment.

The second report was presented by S. Pescarini (Institute of Applied Technologies in the Field of Cultural Heritage Conservation at the National Research Council, Rome; Italian School of Virtual Archeology). In the report "Reconstruction of the archaeological landscape" S. Pescarini spoke about the theoretical and practical problems of space mapping, about modern technical means used in the reconstruction of the archaeological landscape, as well as about what is required for the reconstruction of the ancient landscape (geological maps, environmental studies in ancient times, paleobotanical studies, building maps, remote data collection,etc.). spatial analysis, etc.). Examples included the Appia Antica project, the Virtual Rome project, the almost completed Pompeii reconstruction project, and the initial stage of the Western Han Dynasty archaeological landscape restoration project.

This topic was elaborated in the report "The landscape of the Western Han Dynasty and the use of remote data collection techniques in Xi'an, China".: new research perspectives", prepared by M. Forte. (University of California, Merced). He defined the concept of "reconstruction of an ancient landscape": This is knowledge of the shape and structure of the territory in ancient times and at the present time, as well as the characteristics and size of the population living on it. Over the past few decades, the landscape has undergone significant changes, first during the cultural revolution, and then due to the rapid process of urbanization. Studying changes in the landscape is necessary to assess the cultural potential of the territory during the Western Han Dynasty, when the landscape itself was perceived simultaneously on three levels: sacred as the landscape of royal mausoleums and tombs, urban as part of Chang'an, the ancient capital of China, and as part of the traditional concept of space organization-Feng Shui (Stolyarov, 2010). The detailed and precise measurement of the excavated tombs and their orientation made it possible to understand the" sense of subordination " of the ancient builders, which ultimately determined the shape, size and location of objects. All this allows you to count

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The Western Han Dynasty is an outstanding example of landscape transformation and organization in Chinese history.

The spatial organization of the territory of Imperial China was also the subject of a report by R. Mostern (University of California, Merced). The report presents a new methodology for the approach to the study of spatial history, which makes it possible to analyze spatial / territorial changes depending on changes in the way resources are mobilized by the central government on the ground. R. Mostern demonstrated the new methodology on her database - "Digital Geographical Reference of the Song Dynasty, China".

The last speaker of the section was a joint report on "ECAI and GIS", presented by ECAI Director L. Lancaster and ECAI Technical Director J. McCarthy. Zerneke. After an extensive overview and theoretical part, the report described the technical tools used for building GIS, as well as projects implemented under the auspices of ECAI.

The section "Applying e-education and Digital Archives in the academic, educational, and socio-cultural spheres" discussed specific issues related to the implementation of the archive digitization program in Taiwan. In particular, the problems of licensing electronic collections, attracting the population to create digital archives on aborigines, as well as the use of digitized geographical collections in the system of full secondary education.

Of the four reports presented at the section "Social computerization and its applications", only one was not abstract and theoretical in nature, but was a concrete demonstration of social computerization in action. The report " Computer-generated practical animation of the hermit's body movements "Rusiye Dotton", prepared by the staff of the Knowledge Collection and Archiving Laboratory of the National Center for Electronics and Computer Technology of Thailand, was devoted to the description of the system of exercises of traditional Thai gymnastics and technical aspects of developing an animated application that demonstrates these exercises using modern computer technology.

The section "Museum and Information technologies" discussed the problems of using computer technologies to improve museum work. Philip Chua (National Heritage Office - NUN, Singapore) described the project of creating a cyber museum. Developed on the instructions of the NUN on the platform of one of the CAD versions, the project is a tool for creating virtual three-dimensional expositions, galleries and museums. It is intended for students, beginning museum workers, collectors, and amateurs. museum-THM) made a report on the information and search model for describing museum exhibits and managing the museum collection. Based on international standards adopted in museology, the model defines 34 attributes for six properties of exhibits (object, document, agent, place, time, event). Users of the developed system are museum employees: curators, registrars, curators, librarians. Shu-jiun Chen (Computer Center of the Sinica Academy) described an international project to create a Chinese version of the Thesaurus on Art and Architecture (TIA), implemented by the TELDAP program in cooperation with the world-famous Getty Research Institute. As of January 2007, the TIA consisted of 131,000 terms. The aim of the project is to integrate the Chinese language into the system of multilingual (English, French, Spanish, Italian, Dutch and German) knowledge engineering and the possibility of including terms describing the culture of Asia in the TIA.

The section "Manifestations of electronic culture in everyday life" discussed the creation of new social databases, organizations, and services, and their use of modern technological capabilities to survive in a rapidly changing world. In the report "Social contribution of non-profit organizations to e-culture", Ching-teng Hsiao (Institute of Informatics of the Sinica Academy) spoke about the Frontier Foundation organization, founded about 15 years ago, which aims to create a social information system in Taiwan. With the support of volunteers, the Foundation helped automate other non-profit organizations and create their websites. The Foundation's volunteers have connected Taiwan to Sahana, an open early warning system for natural disasters, by creating the Taiwanese Sahana website.

Sung-tsang Kuang and Yun-yahu Lin (Professor of the University of Kaohsiung) dedicated their report to the creation of a digital multi-format archive of the history and daily life of one of the districts of Kaohsiung, the second largest city and the largest seaport in Taiwan.

Piyavit Srichaikula and Supiya Charoenshirivatha (National Center for Electronics and Computer Technology of Thailand) - organizational and technical aspects of the POPS project-

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creation of a national anthropometric database using state-of-the-art three-dimensional body scanning technologies. The "Size of Thailand" program is supported by the Thai Institute of Industrial Standards, the National Statistical Office, the Federation of Thai Industry, the National Agency for the Development of Science and Technology, as well as a number of major textile manufacturers of ready-to-wear clothing. [http://www.sizethailand.org/].

list of literature

Stolyarov A. A. The Third International Conference on remote data collection in archeology. 2010. N 1.

Blundell D. Cultural Atlas of Batanes Islands and Region: the Bashiic Languages / / Electronic libraries and databases on the history of Eurasia in the Middle Ages. Issue No. 13. Moscow, 2009.

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