ANCIENT CHINESE THESAURUS "SHIMIN" AND "ERYA": COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS *

The article is devoted to a comparative study of two major monuments of ancient Chinese lexicography - thesauri " Erya "(III century BC) and " Shimin "(III century AD). The main subject of the study is the macrostructure of " Shimin "(rubrication of the thesaurus, composition of the dictionary) in comparison with the first Chinese dictionary "Erya". The description of monuments is based on the subject vocabulary from the chapter "Utensils" of "Erya" and seven sections of "Shimin". A comparison of the lists of words that nominate the subject world showed that these chapters of Shimin mostly "grew" from small parts of the "Utensils" chapter of Erya.

Keywords: History of Chinese lexicography, Ancient Chinese thesaurus, "Shimin", "Erya", rubrication, glosses, subject vocabulary, ideographic groups.

The history of ancient Chinese thesauri dates back to the end of the third century BC, when the first explanatory dictionary "Erya"1 ("Approach to the classic/refined" / "Approach to the correct [language]"2) was created, which served as a model for dictionaries of this type in subsequent epochs. The compilation of the Shimin (Explanation of Names) dates back to the beginning of the third century A.D. (c. 210-230) and is attributed to Liu Xi.

* The publication was prepared within the framework of the RGNF scientific project No. 14-04-00014 " Ancient Chinese dictionary "Shimin": the experience of studying the monument of early lexicography".

1 According to B. Karlgren, there is as much uncertainty about the dating and origin of the Erya as there is about many other ancient Chinese texts. He dates most of the glossary to the third century BC (Karlgren, 1931, pp. 44-49). Modern Chinese researchers of the Erya also tend to believe that the monument appeared in its original form at the end of the Zhanguo period, and finally took shape during the Han period (the problem of authorship and dating of the Erya is discussed in detail in [Guryan, 2009]).

2 In the Chinese tradition, there are two main ways to interpret the title "Erya": 1) "Approximation to the correct / refined language", 2)"Approximation to the standard language". In both cases, the first hieroglyph er is understood as an alternative variant (borrowing) of the close/approach sign. It is noteworthy that the first widely accepted version of the interpretation was first proposed by Liu Xi, the author of Shimin. In the section "Shi dian yi" ("Explanation of Ancient Literature"), "Erya" is devoted to the following gloss:: : , , ; , ; , ; , , , "" Erya": er [means] neither [close]; ni [means] jin [close, approach]; ya [means] yi [beautiful; correct]; and [means] zheng [correct; exemplary; official]. The speeches of the five sides differ, so getting closer to the right one is considered the main thing everywhere."

3 The authorship of "Shimin" is a matter that requires special consideration, which is beyond the scope of this article. Here I will only note that, in addition to Liu Xi, his namesake Liu Zhen is mentioned in the literature as a possible author of the dictionary . One of the indirect proofs of the "Shimin" belonging to Liu Xi is the presence in the text of dialectisms from the Qing and Xu regions, as well as the fact that the Qingzhou district . Liu Xi's birthplace is listed first in the list of toponyms, opening the chapter "Explaining Regions and Kingdoms". Liu Zhen was a native of other places. This fact, according to Wang Guozhen, clearly speaks in favor of the fact that the extant version of "Shimin" belongs to Liu Xi [Wang Guozhen, 2009, p.4].

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(II-III centuries.4) - a student of the famous Han philologist Zheng Xuan (127-200).

To a wide circle of linguists, the ancient Chinese "Shimin" is known primarily as the earliest example of etymological dictionaries: for the first time, the so-called sound commentary sheng xun was used to interpret vocabulary on a systematic basis. The essence of this method is that the meaning of a word is explained through a homonym (or similar-sounding word) and deduced from the meaning of the latter. For example::, , (Yue [moon] [means / comes from] que [go to damage, disappear] - [when the moon] becomes full, [it] begins to wane); : , , (Zhi [wisdom, intelligence] [means / comes from] zhi [know] - there is nothing you don't know).

Sinologists saw the main value of "Shimin" mainly in preserving information about the sound of the ancient Chinese language, but for the history of linguistic thought, this monument is also of interest as one of the early thesaurus dictionaries

This article presents a comparative analysis of the fragments "Erya" and "Shimin" associated with the initial and final stages of development of the standard ancient Chinese thesaurus, respectively.

The following fact indicates the continuity of dictionaries, as well as the tendency in Chinese philology to consider these monuments within the framework of one tradition, which is based on the "Erya". During the Ming period (1368-1644), Lan Kueijin compiled the Wu ya Quan Shu ("Anthology of Five Lexicons"), combining five dictionaries in this collection: Erya (III century BC), Xiao Erya (II century BC), and Guangya II (beginning III c.), "Piya" 5 (XI c.) and "Shimin" (early III c.). However , since the titles of four of the five books contain the Chinese character, Lan Weijin included Shimin in this collection under the new title " Iya "("Non-canonical Lexicon").

* * *

The Shimina dictionary, which contains 1502 dictionary entries (hereinafter referred to as glosses), is divided into 27 chapters, and in comparison with Erya, it is a transformed vocabulary classification system (in Erya 2019, glosses are divided into 19 chapters) (see Table 1).

A comparison of the "Erya" and "Shimin" rubrications shows that, despite the continuity between thesauri, which is manifested in the preservation of a number of "old" rubrications in the "Shimin"6, at the level of the macrostructure of dictionaries, there is a discrepancy between the set and number of chapters, as well as the order of their sequence. Shimin has 17 new chapters compared to Erya. At the same time, some of the new headings of "Shimina" have no analogies in the previous thesaurus ("Erya", "Xiao Erya", "Fangyan"), in particular, "Explanation of the human body", "Explanation of poses", "Explanation of ancient literature". Another part of the new headings was formed as a result of detailing and breaking down into smaller categories those conceptual areas that were outlined in the Erya ,but are still presented there in an "undivided" form. For example, from the chapter " Explanation

4 The exact years of Liu Xi's life are unknown.

5 "Piya" ("Erya with additions") - authorship belongs to Lu Dian (1042-1102), the dictionary was published at the end of the XI century. under the Northern Song.

6 It is also worth noting that the name "Shimina" ("Explanation of Names") coincides with the headings of the "Erya" sections, constructed according to the formula "Explanation + x", where x is the name of the thematic category of words interpreted in this section. A similar formula for naming categories is also preserved in Shimin.

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Table 1

Categories of thesaurus "Erya" and "Shimin "

* New chapters in Shimin that were not included in Erya are highlighted in bold.

dwellings "" Erya "the heading" Shimina "" Explanation of roads "was highlighted from the chapter "Explanation of waters" "Erya" - the heading "Shimina" "Explanation of boats", from the chapter "Explanation of lands" "Erya" - the heading "Shimina" "Explanation of regions and kingdoms", etc.

From the chapter" Explanation of utensils ""Erya", a whole series of new sections with subject vocabulary has emerged, which will be discussed in this article.

7 Basically, the names of actions are interpreted: "walk", "run", "ride", "step" , etc.

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So, the starting point in the comparative analysis of the two dictionaries is Chapter 6 "Erya" - "Explanation of utensils". The main part of the vocabulary of the latter falls on nouns that name objects of material culture. Among them: dishes, tools and devices (for example, a shovel, traps for animals), clothing, carts and equipment, food, ritual utensils, metals, bows and arrows, jade/jasper and products made from them (regalia, pendants), coloring and colors, etc. In addition to the names of things, there are a small number of verbs, for example: cut/encrust/mint, skin fish, etc. As can be seen from the list, it mainly reflects the material culture of production and life support (excluding housing, which is described in Chapter 5), and partially reflects the material culture of war (some types of weapons are recorded). Items of material culture that provide aesthetic and ritual needs are also mentioned.

In general, the analysis of the lexical structure of the chapter" Explanation of utensils ""Erya" suggests that it presents two main subject areas: "everyday life "and"human economic activity". In Shimin, lexical material that is comparable in subject matter, but much larger in volume, is distributed in the following seven chapters::

Chapter 13. "Explaining food and drink".

Chapter 14. "Explanation of color and silk".

Chapter 16. "Explanation of clothing".

Chapter 18. "Explanation of beds and curtains".

Chapter 21. "Explanation of tools and tools".

Chapter 23. "Explanation of weapons".

Chapter 24. "Explanation of carts".

Let us turn to the content of the listed sections of "Shimin" in comparison with the material of "Erya" 8.

Chapter 13. "Explaining food and drink"

In the "Utensils" chapter of the Erya, the 13 glosses listed below relate to the topic of "Food/Food".:

8 The translation of interpreted units in the illustrations from "Erya" and "Shimin" was carried out on the basis of the interpretation of the dictionaries themselves, as well as taking into account the comments, both old and modern.

9 Here and further in the text in the illustrations from "Erya" - the numbering in the first column reflects the ordinal number of the glosse in the text of the chapter "Utensils", in the second column the glosses are placed, in the third - the explained word is rendered with a modern transcription, in the last the translation of the explained unit is given.

10 Hereafter, the modern reading of characters written in the normative alphabet of the Chinese language pinyin tzimu is indicated.

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Shimin covers this topic in Chapter 13, "Explaining Food and Drink," which has about 80 glosses. The following main word groupings are displayed in the gloss sequence:: 1) general concepts; 2) flour and rice dishes; 3) chowders, broths, liquid dishes; 4) products prepared by fermentation, pickling, salting, drying; 5) meat and fish dishes (including some methods of their preparation); 6) sweet products; 7) wine; 8) other information.

In the first two glosses, the general concepts included in the title of the section are interpreted; yn "to drink", "to swallow", shí "to eat". This is followed by various verbs that denote the process of eating: 12 sāp "eat, eat"; spiò "drink slowly, sip", "sip", "taste"; shŭn "suck, draw in"; 13 sù "sip, suck"; hám "hold in the mouth"; "put in the mouth"; jŭ "chew, chew"," taste"; jué "chew, gnaw"; "chew". Two verbs used in relation to animals also appeared in this series: in relation to birds - zhuó "to peck", in relation to animals - niè "to bite, gnaw", "to gnaw", "to pinch (for example, grass)".

The list of lexemes with the semantic component "food" continues with the names of various food products, dishes, and beverages. The first of these are flour dishes with the generic bean component, which in modern Chinese means "flat cake, round pie, pancake". Liu Xi explains the meaning of bin as follows::, , Bin (14 [means] bin () [combine] - kneading flour in water, combine them.

The following gloss lists several varieties of bins: húbĭng (hubin), literally, "barbarian flatbread", "[large round baked] flatbread sprinkled with sesame seeds"; zhēngbĭng (zhengbing) - "steamed bin"; tāngbnng "boiled bin", "boiled noodles"; xiēbĭng (sebin) ("scorpion + bean") 15, suĭbnng ("bone marrow + bean") - "bone marrow pie"; jinbing ("gold / hieroglyph "gold" + bean") 16 suŏbĭng (sobin) ("tourniquet / rope + bean") - "noodles". At the same time, Liu Xi reports that all of them got their name due to the form:

11 The hieroglyph is used here as an alternative version of the ning sign in the sense of "solidify, solidify, thicken"; "solidified, solidified, condensed."

-12 different characters of the hieroglyph .

-13 an alternative version of the hieroglyph .

14 The bin token was used as a general name for wheat flour products, regardless of their shape and the specific method of preparation [Zheng Nan, 2013, p. 2].

15 The sixth-century agricultural treatise Qimin Yaoshu ("Essential Arts for the Common People"), compiled by Jia Syse , mentions jiebing, otherwise called xiezi: [Qimin yaoshu jiaoshi]. The Qing scribe Bi Yuan (1730-1797) believed that xiezi - i-sebin (cit. according to [Wang Guozhen, 2009, p. 141]). Miao Qiyu (1910-2003)wrote in the explanations to this treatise that xiezi refers to butter-fried bagels ( sanzi), shaped like a scorpion, with a large head cut out and a small tail.

16 Commentators find it difficult to define jinbing (see [Wang Guozhen, 2009, p. 141]).

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:, , , , , , Zhengbing, tangbing, sebin, suibing, jinbing, sobin-all named based on the form.

The following lexemes are given: săn " rice (with meat/vegetable gravy)"; ör " steamed flatbread (made from rice flour, sometimes with meat)"; fēn "cooking crumbly rice porridge", "crumbly rice"; sūn here - "rice cooked for the second time with water","liquid rice porridge"; gēng "soup, soup"; "broth, broth"; hè here instead of huò (see: [Wang Guozhen, 2009, p. 143]) - " meat broth (broth)"; mí "liquid gruel, mash"; zhōu "liquid porridge"; " gruel", "[cereal] broth"; jiāng "drink, drink", "sour malt drink" (?); tāng "boiling (hot) water"; "boiling water"; "[hot] broth".

lào "thick dairy product", jī "spicy seasoning"; zū "sauerkraut (salted) vegetables"; tú "elm fruit sauce"; hăi" meat in brine, meat brine/gravy"; tăn" meat sauce"; ní" meat sauce with bones"; chí " sauce (seasoning) from soybeans", qú "yeast, sourdough"; niè "wine sourdough"; zhă "salted (marinated, prepared for future use) fish"; xī "dried stroganina from meat/fish"; fŭ "dried meat"; pò "sun-dried thin slices of meat"; kuài "minced meat, finely chopped meat."

Some ways of cooking and storing meat are also listed : zhí " roast (meat on a spit)"; fŭ zhì "fry in a cauldron/pan"; 17 mòzhì "roast meat (pig) whole carcass", etc.; ao " store (cooked, salted) meat". Among the meat dishes mentioned are hanyang hántù hánjī, "Han mutton", "Han rabbit" and "Han chicken". Explaining the origin of the last three words, Liu Xi points out that the method of cooking these dishes came from the Han kingdom ().

Three lexemes are mentioned for sweets: xíng "sweets made from boiled rice"; yí "syrup"; " molasses "(described as a weaker variety (less sweet? - NG) compared to the first), bù "a thicker (muddy) variety of sweets compared to the first ().

A whole series of glosses is devoted to wine 18. The sequence of five varieties of wine observed in "Shimin" echoes, but does not coincide with that recorded in"Zhou Li". In "Zhou Li", a set of "wines of five degrees of purification" is mentioned:: , , ,,

"Zhou Li. Senior officials. Chief cupbearer": Distinguishing the names of wines of five degrees of purification, the first is called fanqi, the second is called liqi, the third is called anqi, the fourth is called tiqi, the fifth is called shenqi."

The list of" Shimin "begins with the general concept jiŭ "wine", then five varieties of wine are interpreted: tíqí ("red wine", according to "Zhou li" - wine of the fourth degree of purification), àngqí (anqi) ("white wine of the third degree of purification, muddy"), fànqí (fanqi) ("muddy / unpeeled wine"; according to "Zhou Li" - wine of the first degree of purification), shnnqí (shenqi) ("pure wine with settled sediment"; according to "Zhou li" - wine of the fifth degree of purification), lĭqí (lici) ("sweet weak/young wine"; according to "Zhou Li" - wine of the first degree of purification). In addition to those listed above, there are also yijiŭ ("strong/aged wine") , shijiŭ ("wine delivered on the occasion of something / sacrificial wine"), kŭjiŭ (kuju) (here "low-quality sour wine"; the second meaning is "vinegar").

17 It is assumed that the method of roasting meat with a whole carcass was borrowed from the northern Mo (goryeo) tribes living on the territory of Korea, which explains this name [Wang Guozhen, 2009, p. 146].

18 In ancient China, intoxicating ju drinks, conventionally called wine, were made from grain and represented something like braga (Kryukov et al., 1983, p. 209).

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The chapter ends with a series of mixed-lexical glosses: hánzhuu "liquid rice porridge made from ground cereals filled with cold water"; gānfàn "hard-boiled rice"; qiŭ "rice oatmeal"; hoi [ hoi instead of] "dry provisions, dry provisions"; qù "liquid barley porridge";. táolàn "infusion (drink) of dried peaches (plums)"; nàifŭ " dried apple slices (plum-leaved apple)", bàifú "salted dried fish (with a strong smell)", xièxū "crab paste"; táo zhū "candied peaches" and other glosses.

Chapter 14: "Explaining Color and Silk"

As you know, in Ancient China, sericulture and silk weaving had a long tradition, and the Han Empire at one time was the only country in the world that produced silk fabrics. By the first centuries BC, this production had reached a high level [Kryukov et al., 1983, p. 156]. Experts note that in the Han era (III century BC - III century AD), not only all the main production operations of Chinese silk weaving were finally formed, but also a basic set of fabric types was formed [Kravtsova]. When studying the material remains of silk from the burials of the Han era, four main types were identified, differing in the method of interweaving: single-color untidy, damask, gas and patterned polychrome. Dyeing played an important role in the production technology of polychrome fabrics (Kryukov et al., 1983, pp. 158-160). References to numerous types and varieties of silk fabrics produced at that time are contained in written sources of the Han period, including Shimin. The special section "Explanation of color and silk" is devoted to the names of colors, varieties of silk and some other fabrics.

As for the "Erya", the six glosses in the chapter "Utensils" refer to the color names and fabrics, where three shades of light red are mentioned as a result of dyeing 19, green, black and black-and-white patterns of ceremonial clothing:

In Shimin, the list of terms that convey color shades includes 15 units: 13 of them are placed at the beginning of the section (glosses N 1-13), and two more lexemes are given near the end of the chapter (glosses N 30, 31). Open the list of primary colors that belong to the "five colors"set in traditional Chinese color teaching:

19 In the ancient Chinese language, there are a number of words denoting shades of red. Duan Yucai's commentary on the dictionary "Sho wen jie zi" states that the shades of red obtained by dyeing with madder (madder qiàn - a herbaceous plant used as a dye of red. - N. G.) were called (mèi "skin dyed with madder"; "red-yellow") and (tí "orange silk"; "red-yellow, orange"), and the shades obtained by dyeing with cinnabar were called " i " (Sho wen jie zi zhu, 2004, p.651). The latter are interpreted in the Erya.

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qīng "green"; chì "red"; huáng "yellow"; bái "white"; hēi "black". Further, such lexemes are interpreted as jiàng "dark red, cherry"; zĭ "purple, purple"; hóng "red-white, pink"; xiāng "pale yellow"; lű "green"; piăo "pale green, bluish"; zī "black silk color, black"; zào "black, dark"; zhēngli "yellow" (the final color of steamed chestnut); gàn "black with a red tint".

The remaining glosses (in the amount of 21) relate to fabrics ( bù "cloth, linen"; shū "rare, loose fabric"; huì "thin, rare canvas, matting"), various types of silk ( jiān "thin, dense silk with double threads"; liàn "boiled and bleached by boiling silk"; sù "unpainted pure white silk", "harsh fabric"; tí " heavy dense silk [green with a shine of the color of a small cicada ti]"; jnn "polychrome patterned silk fabric", "brocade"; qĭ "silk with a woven pattern"; líng "a special type of silk decorated with an ornament that resembles ice patterns"; líó "gas, fine silk", "patterned gauze cloth", etc.) and related concepts ( lún "knotted thread", "silk cord"; shāi "sieve, sieve"; chóu "yarn"; jiăn "silkworm cocoon").

Chapter 16."Explanation of clothing"

Let's compare groups of vocabulary related to the topic "clothing". In Erya, this is 14 glosses in the chapter "Utensils":

In Shimin, the layer of vocabulary that nominates clothing is described in chapter 16 (about 70 glosses), while clothing is separated from such related groups of vocabulary as " fabrics "(chapter 14) and" jewelry " (chapter 15), to the latter Liu Xi attributed hats.

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In contrast to the small and rather selective list of "Erya", Shimin offers all categories of clothing: shoulder, waist and shoes. The list of interpreted terms is quite extensive and is not limited to the main items of costume, among which are mentioned aprons, jackets, trousers, shirts, tank tops, plakhty, dressing gowns, napryushniki, stockings, shoes, boots, etc.

Opens the section explaining general concepts: uī "upper body clothing" and cháng "lower body clothing". The following 10 glosses contain the names of the main structural parts of shoulder clothing, including such an attribute as a belt: lnng "collar"; jīn "front part"; mèi "middle part of the sleeve"; qū "sleeve cuff"; xiù "sleeve"; jīn "belt/lace"; dài "belt"; xì "lace"; gпp "floor of the dress"; jū "edge of the upper floor".

Considerable attention is paid to the costume of the empress: xuánduān "black ritual clothing"; sùjī " white ritual clothing [with pleats on the belt]"; huīyī " pheasant-embroidered ritual clothing of the empress (worn during sacrifices)"; júyī " yellow dress of the queen (during the Zhou Dynasty)"; tănyī (tanyi) - one of the six types of empress's robes (white); tuànyī "edged [red, black] dress (mourning)".

The list continues with the following lexemes: bì "leather apron"; pèi "pendant on a formal suit"; rú "short warm clothing", " jacket (fur)", "jacket"; kù "pants"; zhě "[double-layer] dress with a lining (without cotton wool)"; dānyī " dress unlined"; shŭ/dú "[elongated] jacket", "long coat"; gōu "unlined dress"; zhōngyī; "underdress"; dānrú "jacket/unlined jacket"; yāorú "a kind of short jacket [waist-length]"; bànxiù "short-sleeved dress"; liútù "long winter clothing / long lined dress ; rao "[Chinese] robe", " [long] dress (lined)".

In addition to the names of the actual items of clothing, this section includes the lexemes bèi "cotton blanket" and qīn "large blanket".

Complete chapter 16 with a gloss on the items worn on the feet: bī "foot wraps"; wà "stockings" and various types of shoes: lü "shoes"; xì "shoes with thick multi-layered wooden soles cu"; jù "rope or leather shoes with single soles", the Chinese word fèi - "leather shoes" and others, jué "[light] straw sandals"; "jī wooden-soled sandals "(walking in mud); bó là "straw/hemp woven shoes", etc.

As you can see, the sequence of glosses is such that at the beginning of the section there are words naming items of clothing for the upper body, and the section ends with names of shoes. Coincidences of the interpreted concepts with "Erya" are rare: "floor of the dress", "nabryushnik / apron".

Chapter 18: "Explaining beds and curtains"

In the literature, it is mentioned that in the house of the Han era, as in the previous time, there was almost no furniture. The main object of the interior decoration remained mats, which covered the entire living space (Kryukov et al., 1983, pp. 219-220). In the chapter "Utensils" of "Erya", 3 glosses are devoted to mats (N 83, 128, 130), and among other interior items, a clothes hanger is mentioned (gloss N 129).:

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In Shimin, the names of various beds, mats, bedding, as well as canopies, curtains and screens form an independent chapter " Explanation of beds and curtains "(a total of 28 glosses). The sequence of glosses is such that it makes it possible to distinguish four ideographic groups in the text of this chapter:

1) beds, beds: chuáng "bed, bed"; tà " long, narrow and low bed (bed)"; dùzuò "seat (sofa) for one person"; píng " wooden bed [for one person]"; jī "low narrow table" (used as an elbow support when reclining on chuan and ta);

2) mats, bedding: uap "[bamboo oblong] mat (for sitting)"; xí "mat, matting, mat"; diàn "thin [square] bamboo mat"; jiàn "straw mat, bedding"; pú ( - púpíng) "reed mat"; zhān "felt"; rù "mattress, mattress"; qiúsŏu "wool carpet"; tàdēng "mat on a step (bench) by the bed"; diāoxí "bedding made of marten / sable fur"; zhěn "pillow";

3) canopies, curtains: wei "curtain"; tù "canopy", "cover", "tent"; uà "small canopy/cover, canopy" (from dust); màn "curtain", "canopy", "tent", "tent"; zhàng "canopy, canopy", " tent", "tent"; dŏu "small tent (canopy, canopy) [in the form of an inverted bucket]"; lián "curtain", "canopy", "curtains"; zhuàng ( zhuàngróng) "awning", "curtain", " curtain (in the carriage)"; hùlián "curtain, curtain"; tiē "curtain / canopy in front of the bed"; wò "tent, tent"; chéngchén"canopy";

4) shield, screen: yĭ " shield, screen "(behind the throne); pingfēng "screen, screen".

Chapter 21. "Explanation of tools and tools"

In "Erya" the thematic group "tools, tools, devices" is represented by sets of glosses, which can be divided into two subgroups: 1) agricultural tools and 2) devices for hunting and fishing. At the same time only 3 glosses are relevant to agricultural tools:

The interpretation of various hunting and fishing gear (traps, nets, etc.) accounts for 15 glosses:

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In Shimin, the picture is different. A chapter with a similar thematic focus has 26 glosses. It no longer contains terms related to hunting and fishing, but only the names of devices used in agriculture, crafts, and everyday life, which corresponds to the realities of the Han period. Such words are interpreted as fŭ "axe, axe, halberd"; liп "sickle"; qinng "axe (with a square hole for the ax handle)", chóumáo "trident, axe with a triple blade"; zhuī "awl, thick needle"; záo "chisel"; jīп "chisel", "chisel", "chisel"; sì"ploughshare"; "plow"; pòi "hoe (pickaxe) for weeding"; bó "an old type of hoe", gōu (?) "sickle/ketmen"; (?) dì (?)" sickle", etc.

Chapter 23. "Explanation of weapons"

In the "Erya" there are 5 glosses with interpretations of different types of arrows and bows, which are placed all in the same chapter "Utensils":

Shimin expanded the list of military-related glosses to 45,20 (46,21). The section begins with the interpretation of throwing weapons: here are detailed descriptions of gnng "bow", nŭ "crossbow" and shĭ "arrow", which are widely used in the art of throwing weapons.-

20 Cm. [Shimin huijiao, 2006, pp. 373-401].

21 See [Wang Guozhen, 2009, pp. 264-278].

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battle in the ancient Chinese army in the Qin and then Han era [Popov]. The author of the dictionary did not limit himself to the interpretation of generic morphemes, in addition to them, the glosses also include related concepts: names of structural elements of weapons, sometimes the material from which they were made is reported. In addition, specify the dialect names of some devices, items, and elements. So, in the gloss gnng " bow " the following terms are interpreted: xiāo "bow horns"; mĭ " bow horns (said to be made of bone)", "bow tips"; fŭ "bow handle"; uiap "bow bends". In the gloss nŭ "crossbow": bì "butt of the crossbow"; " yá "prong of the crossbow"; xuándāo "trigger of the crossbow"; jī "trigger of the crossbow" and some others.

The most detailed description of the arrow is: shĭ "arrow"; jiàn "arrow"; "arrowhead", "arrow"; zú "arrowhead", "arrow"; gāng "arrowhead"; "arrow shaft"; uŭ "arrow plumage"; wèi "arrow plumage"; guā "end of the arrow shaft"; fú "quiver"; zé "quiver (made of bamboo)"; jiān "arrow case (when saddled)".

The next series of glosses is devoted to the interpretation of knives and cutting tools, among which not all objects are actually weapons, but all words in their composition contain the generic morpheme "knife", in particular: dāo "knife, dagger"; pèidāo, otherwise called róngdāo, "ceremonial sword", has the form sword, but without a blade / not sharpened (belonging to the ceremonial costume in ancient times); jiăndāo "scissors"; shūdāo "writing knife" 22, jiăodāo "scissors"; xuēdāo "engraver's chisel".

When describing a knife / dagger, the names of its structural elements, a storage case and some types of bladed weapons are also indicated, in particular: fēng "point"; "ring at the end of the hilt [of the sword]"; qiào "scabbard"; běng "ring (at the upper end of the scabbard made of jade or gold)"; bnng "scabbard"; pāibì "short sword (worn at the waist)", otherwise called lùpāi ( lùmò) "short blade, dagger".

The list continues with the names of piercing and cutting melee weapons. The most common melee weapons of the Qin and Han eras were spears and pikes [Popov]. From this category in "Shimin" are named jĭ "two-pronged halberd", ji (an ancient weapon that combined a nibble and a pike: a long shaft with an ax-shaped blade ending in a pointed tip); gē "Chinese nibble" (an ancient weapon, a kind of boat hook on a long handle with a transverse blade); cháng "spear-charioteer's trident "(it is said that its length is 1 zhang 6 chi); shujujĭ "small two-pronged (throwing); tao "spear", "Chinese protazan", "slingshot"; shuò " pike-trident of the horseman "(length 1 zhang 8 chi); chóumáo "trident, axe with a triple with a blade" (otherwise called jīmáo); yímáo "spear with a hook" (with a handle length of 1 zhang 6 chi); hùtáo "spear" (a type of spear length of 9 chi); shūmāo (?) "lance-spear".

The next grouping of vocabulary is formed by the names of protective equipment - various types of shields and "protective clothing".

Battle shields are given a rather lengthy glossary, which lists about ten types of shield: dùn "shield"; wúkuí " large flat

22 In ancient China, a knife was just as necessary for writing as a brush. Since wood was the main material for writing, mistakes in writing with a brush were corrected by erasing them with a knife (Kryukov et al., 1983, p. 238).

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Figure 1. Guoxiang*

* [http://www.jb.mil.cn/jszt/gbbtg/201212/t20121212_8383.html].

shield"; diāndùn "convex shield" (lit. "Dian shield"), otherwise called qiāngdùn (lit. "Qian shield"); xiàplŭ (xianlu) (a type of narrow shield); bùxùn "long and narrow shield (foot soldiers)"; jiédùn "small shield"; mùluò "wicker shield"; xīdùn" rhino skin shield"; mùdùn" wooden shield"; péngpái"shield".

Of the items of protective clothing, only protective carapaces are mentioned, for which two synonyms are indicated: kăi "armor, armor", " carapace "and jiă" armor"," armor"," chain mail, carapace","armor".

Further, the lexemes jiàn "sword" (a generic word for a double-edged edged weapon) and the names of sword parts ( xín "lower part of the hilt", fēng "point"); chán "short halberd", as well as a unique type of Chinese Han Dynasty weapon that combines a hook and a shield-guxuxiāng (guoxiang)are interpreted 23 (see Figure 1).

The next large series of glosses interprets the words for flags and bunchuks24: ch á ng "banner with the image of the sun and moon", qí "battle banner with the image of two coiled dragons", zhān "banner (banner, banner) of pure silk [with a curved shaft]", qí "battle banner with the image of the sun and moon". bear and tiger", ui "[marching] banner with images of falcons", pèi "forked pennant with a multicolored border". wù "multicolored banner", zhào "banner with the image of a snake and a turtle", su ì "bunchuk [of metal feathers] of the leading chariot", jīng "banner (made of feathers)", báipèi "forked pennant with a white border", dào "bunchuk made of feathers (dance props)", chuáng "banner, banner (in the form of an umbrella or lantern)", fān " long narrow banner (suspended vertically)", etc.

At the end of the chapter, some other military-related concepts are mentioned: . xiào "military camp"; "barracks", jié "tags with orders", duó "big bell", jīngŭ "gongs and drums". The section ends with two lexemes that nominate weapons: qī "battle axe", uѐ "axe, big axe".

Chapter 24: "Explaining the carts"

The appearance of the" Carts "chapter in Shimin was preceded by the following glosses of the "Utensils" chapter in Erya:

Guoxiang is a complex type of weapon, often found during the Han Dynasty, combining a hook and a shield. There are hooks on the top and bottom, the upper hook is about 25 cm, the lower hook is about 15 cm. A small metal shield in the center of the back has a handle [ BKRS].

24 For comparison, Erya does not yet have a special section devoted to military affairs; the vocabulary on this topic forms small thematic groups in the chapter "Explaining the Sky" : "Military Affairs" and "Bunchuki and Banners" .

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As you can see, the "Erya" contains only terms that refer to the decorative elements of the cart and some details of horse ammunition.

The author of "Shimin" devoted about 80 glosses to the interpretation of the words of this thematic group. Opens the chapter "Carts" general name of wheeled transport- jū/chē 25 "cart, cart"; "carriage; cart", followed by the names of various types of carts, after which the terms nominating the structural parts of carts and some related concepts are interpreted, the chapter ends with the names of parts of horse ammunition. Among the description units - yùlù "the emperor's ceremonial carriage (decorated with red jasper)"; yuánróngjū "war chariot"; niănjū "hand cart"; băichē "big cart"; mòjū "black (unadorned) chariot"; lún "wheel";. gnng "wheel hub"; guŏ "oiler for wheel lubrication"; fàn "top of the carriage", jiànchē "cage on wheels (for transportation of wild animals)"; pèi "reins"; lè "bridle"; xiăn "girth", etc.

A comparison of the lists of words that refer to the subject world showed that the sections of Shimin discussed above mostly came from small parts of the "Utensils" chapter of Erya. Some word groupings in Shimin have been reallocated by chapter. So, the interpretation of battle banners from the chapter" Explanation of the sky "in the "Erya"has been moved to a new chapter -" Explanation of weapons "in the "Shimin". Certain thematic groups observed in the "Utensils" section of the "Erya" do not correspond in the "Shimin", in particular, the names of various vessels, ritual and kitchen utensils, and some others.

There are certain innovations in the organization of material within the Shimin chapters:

1) In the gloss layout, you can see that the principle of "from general to particular"is followed: a number of sections begin with the interpretation of general (generic) concepts, sometimes included in the title of the section, followed by specific concepts, which is not present in the "Erya".

2) Unlike "Erya", there is no division of vocabulary into smaller semantic categories within the chapters of" Shimin": words that are similar in meaning are grouped together, but the semantic subgroups themselves are not marked by unifying subheadings-

25 Liu Xi points out that in ancient times the character had a reading of ju (... ), its modern pronunciation is close toshe(...) [Wang Guozhen, 2009, p. 278].

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kami, which is observed in the seven chapters of Erya ("Kinship", "Sky", "Earth", "Hills", "Waters", "Wild Animals", "Domestic animals") (for more information, see: [Guryan, 2011]).

3) Judging by the composition of the sections considered, the author of" Shimin "tried to present a more or less complete lexical set for each topic, whereas in "Erya" the lists of words of everyday topics are very limited.

In general, compared to Erya, Shimin has changed the set of headings and, consequently, the list of conceptual areas by completely excluding chapters describing flora and fauna.26 At the same time, the dictionary has completely new sections. In addition to the seven chapters with subject vocabulary discussed in detail in this article ("Explanation of food and drinks", "Explanation of color and silk", "Explanation of beds and curtains" , etc.), the new headings include, for example, "Explanation of the human body", "Explanation of age", "Explanation of poses", " Explanation of ancient literature", "Explanation of diseases", "Explanation of mourning and funerals". Thus, Shimin develops and describes in more detail the subject areas related to people and material culture, which reflects the level of development of the language and culture of that time, as well as meets the needs of the Han era.

The dictionaries "Erya " and" Shimina " considered in this article appear at the end of the third century BC and the beginning of the third century AD, respectively. Historians note that the period from the third century BC to the third century AD is characterized by qualitative changes in the ancient Chinese ethnic group, the transformation of the economic structure and culture of the ancient Chinese. These changes were caused by the expansion of the empire's borders, numerous migrations of certain population groups to newly annexed areas, assimilation of some neighboring ethnic groups and the influence of their culture and way of life on the Chinese ethnos27, as well as partly changes in the climatic and natural landscape features of the original ethnic territory of the ancient Chinese (Kryukov et al., 1983, p. 356).

All these changes could not fail to be reflected in the dictionaries of that era. After all, "the existence of a language is impossible outside the context of culture, the center of which is the language" [Khrolenko, Bondaletov, 2004, p. 237]. Dictionaries themselves are often rightly called a mirror of the era. "Everything in the dictionary is indicative - the vocabulary that is included, and the vocabulary that is absent..." [ibid., 2004, p. 268]. During the specified period of time separating the Erya and Shimin thesauri (the latter actually completed the stage of formation of this type of dictionaries), following the evolution of the Chinese ethnos, Chinese culture and Chinese language, vocabulary development took place, which manifested itself in the transformation of the ideographic scheme of the ancient Chinese thesaurus: conceptual areas were isolated and developed, which formed new categories of the dictionary.

list of literature

BKRS-Big Chinese-Russian Dictionary [Electronic resource] / / URL: http://bkrs.info/slovo. php?ch=%E9%89%A4%E9%91 %B2.

Wang Guozhen. "Shimin" by yuyuan shu zheng ("Shimin" with etymological comments). Shanghai: Shanghai cishu chubanshe Publ., 2009.

Guryan N. V. Problems of authorship and dating of the oldest Chinese dictionary "Erya" // Vestnik MSU. Ser. 13. Vostokovedenie [Oriental Studies]. 2009. N 1.

26 There are seven such chapters in the Erya: "Explanation of Herbs", "Explanation of trees", "Explanation of Insects, Reptiles", "Explanation of Fish", "Explanation of birds", "Explanation of animals", "Explanation of domestic animals".

27 It is noted in the literature that the Chinese historiographer Ban Gu (32-92), describing the main regional groups of the ancient Chinese population, in some cases explains the specifics of their culture by the influence of "barbarians" (Kryukov et al., 1983, p. 356).

28 Shortly after the Han Dynasty, Chinese philologists switched to studying phonetics, and the Yunshu rhyme dictionary became the main type of vocabulary .

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Guryan N. V. The first Chinese explanatory dictionary "Erya": historical and typological characteristics // Bulletin of Moscow State University. Ser. 13. Oriental studies. 2011. N 1.

Kravtsova M. N. Silk [Electronic resource] / / <url>. URL: htlp://www.synologia.ru/a/Шелк.

Kryukov M. V., Perelomov L. S., Sofronov M. V., Cheboksary N. N. Drevniye kitaytsy v epokhu tsentralizirovannykh imperiy [Ancient Chinese in the Era of Centralized Empires].

Popov I. M. Armies of Ancient China of the III century BC-III century AD [Electronic resource] / / Librusek. Available at: lib. rus. ec / b/212366/read (accessed: 15.10.2013).

Khrolenko A. T., Bondaletov V. D. Teoriya yazyka [Theory of language]. Training manual / Edited by V. D. Bondaletov, Moscow: Flint; Nauka Publ., 2004.

Qimin yaoshu jiaoshi (Comments and explanations to the "Necessary Arts for the common people") [Electronic resource] / / Classical Chinese Art, Calligraphy, Poetry, History, Literature, Painting and Philosophy (URL: http://www.chinapagе.com/big5/sciеncе/gm4.htm).

"Shimin" ("Explanation of names") [Electronic resource] / / Chinese Text Project (URL: http://ctеxt.org/shi-ming).

Shimin huijiao ("Shimin" with summary corrections) / Ren Jifang zuan (Comp. Ren Jifang). Jinan: Qilu shushe Publ., 2006.

Sho wen jie zi zhu ("Sho wen jie zi" with commentary) / (Han) Xu shen zhuan; (Qing) Duan Yucai zhu (Comp. Han Xu Shen; comment. Qing Duan Yucai). Shanghai: Shanghai guji chubanshe Publ., 2004.

Zheng Nan. Wenhua jiaoliu shiyu xiade miantiao yu miantiao wenhua (Noodles and noodle culture in the light of cultural exchange) / / Nanning zhiye jishu xueyuaneyuebao (Bulletin of Nanning Polytechnic Institute). 2013. N 1.

"Zhou Li" ("Zhou rituals") [Electronic resource] / / Chinese Text Project (URL: http://ctеxt.org/ rituals-of-zhou/zh).

Erya jin zhu ("Erya" with modern commentary) / Xu Chaohua (Comment. Xu Chaohua). Tianjin: Nankai daxue chubanshe, 1989.

Erya and zhu ("Erya" with commentary and translation [into modern Chinese]) / Hu Qiguang, Fan Huanhai zhuan (Comp. Hu Qiguang, Fang Huanhai). Shanghai: Shanghai guji chubanshe Publ., 2004.

Karlgren В. The Early History of the Chou Li and Tso Chuan Texts // Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities. Stockholm, 1931. N 3.

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