Leiden-Boston: E.J. Brill, 2014. Bd. 1 (A-L), pp. i xxxiv, 1-768; Bd. 2 (M-Z), pp. [1], 769-1509

The new two-volume Javanese-Dutch Dictionary by Rob van Albada and Theodore Pijo (hereinafter referred to as AP14) is an expanded and revised edition of the dictionary [Albada and Pigeaud, 2007], based, in turn, on the dictionary of the second of these authors, a major philologist and historian of Javanese culture [Pigeaud, 1938]. Although Pijo's vocabulary was once the most complete, the need to update Javanese lexicography began to be felt by Dutch specialists soon after the Second World War. But even in the early 1980s, this much outdated dictionary had to be reprinted.

The peer-reviewed publication is relevant for the study of Indonesia, its history, culture and current situation. Javanese, not being a state language, plays an important role in the country, since Javanese make up up to 40% of its population, and more than a thousand years of Javanese literary heritage largely determines the nature of artistic traditions, typical images, worldview, ideology of Indonesians, and serves as a source of replenishment of the lexical fund of the state Indonesian language - one of the modern variants of Malay. The importance of the Javanese language and its long written history for Austronesian, as well as general linguistics, is undeniable. It is not by chance that the Old Javanese language, otherwise known as Kavi, rich in Sanskrit vocabulary, but almost unchanged in grammatical structure due to contact with Sanskrit, served V. von Humboldt as a vivid illustration of the main provisions of general linguistic theory [Humboldt, 1836-1839].

Among the new written sources of AR14, the largest part is Javanese fiction of the 1980s and 2000s. We also used data from previous dictionaries of other authors, lexical lists obtained from informants, audio recordings of spontaneous speech, the Javanese Wikipedia, fragments of "Centini" - a poem about the wanderings of heroes in Java in search of various knowledge, an encyclopedic monument of Javanese culture at the beginning of the XIX century. As a result, according to Albada, there are 19 thousand more new words and meanings in the 2014 dictionary than in the Pizho dictionary.

It is convenient to evaluate AP 14 in comparison with others. Javanese-English dictionaries were created for the benefit of the majority of possible non-Indonesian users. In the dictionary of the Australian and Indonesian scientists S. Robson and S. Wibisono, the successful selection of words in the introductory part reflects their extensive practical experience, but, as stated in the preface, is deliberately limited to the necessary minimum [Robson and Wibisono, 2002] (see also electronic resource [http://sealang.net/java/dictionary.htm]). By volume (about 25 thousand rubles). root words) this dictionary can be considered average. In contrast, AR14 is obviously the most complete among bilinguals. It contains numerous special terms, phraseological combinations and other cliches, abbreviations, including those used in mobile communication (bahasa Alay - "SMS language").

In terms of the dictionary composition, the explanatory dictionary of the authors ' collective of the Yogyakarta Language Institute seems to be inferior to the reviewed one [Kamus..., 2011] (in addition to it, other Javanese explanatory and bilingual Javanese-Indonesian dictionaries of various quality, including amateur ones, were published in Indonesia). However, to some extent these two dictionaries complement each other, for example, the words gablug 'blunt' (knife, etc.), laranen 'painful' are not in Yogyakarta, and the words kerpèk 'notebook', kerti 'comfortable, beautiful' are not in AR14.

The AR 14 corpus includes some affixes and clitics, but the motivation for their selection is unclear, and the meanings and functions are not always accurately conveyed. So, the prefixes sa- ('one', 'all, all' and other values), di -, dipun- (indicators of the passive voice; you should add - 3 persons of the subject of the action), verbal proclitics (tak- 'me, us', etc.) are included, but other passive indicators are not included, for example ing -, ka- (archaic style), irrealis suffixes, pronominal names

OGLOBLIN Alexander Konstantinovich-Doctor of Philology, Professor, Professor of the Faculty of Oriental Studies, Saint Petersburg State University, oak020139@mail.ru.

Van Albada R., Pijo T. Javanski-Dutch dictionary. Leiden-Boston: E. J. Bril, 2014. Vol. 1. A-L. S. i-xxxiv, 1-768; Vol. 2. M-Z. S. [1], 769-1509.

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enclitics -é, -ipun for verbs in the 1st person imperative form (meaning 'let me'). There is no explanation of the multiple action indicator pating, only a number of examples of its combinations with another word are given.

Pijo called his dictionary "practical" (handwoordenboek), meaning the absence of examples with references to the texts of etymological litters, many special terms of local poetics, musicology, crafts, etc., as well as most of the archaisms dating back to the Old Javanese language, including the Sanskrit component of the latter. In both editions of the dictionary with Albada's participation, the word "practical" in the title is removed. This is justified by the fact that they contain more special vocabulary, and the newest edition also contains documented examples from texts. Examples are given without translation, which may be difficult for the user in some cases. Another innovation of Llbada is etymological marks and approximate indications of frequency for a small part of words.

In case of borrowed vocabulary, both the donor language and (in Latin graphics or transliteration) the source word in the donor language are often reported, for example, Landa 'Dutch' from Portuguese Holanda. Attention is drawn to Albada's calculations of vocabulary units borrowed by Javanese from different languages at different times: Dutch (2030), Indonesian (1100), Sanskrit (916), Arabic (442), English (339), and a number of others. How accurate these calculations are is unclear, since the donor language for some loanwords is not specified: for example, Sanskrit for bisa 'can', Arabic for alam 'world; nature', Dutch (keur) for kir 'check, inspection'; for hukum 'sentence; law', a transliteration of the Arabic word is given, but there is no litter. However, data on Sanskrit show the loss in the history of the language of the vast majority of Sanskrit words included in the Old Javanese-English dictionary of P. Zutmulder - there are about 12.5 thousand of them in it. [Zoetmulder, 1982]. Some etymologies require corrections, for example, widara 'yuyuba, Chinese date' cannot be derived from Sanskrit bidarī (with a long [i]).

According to new sources, the main array of Indonesian vocabulary included in ARY entered the Javanese language in the second half of the XX-beginning of the XXI century. The growing contact of both languages, the mutual exchange of vocabulary between them, is a natural consequence of the language situation. Albada notes that in audio recordings there is a Javanese-Indonesian alternation of languages in the same sentence (the so-called code switching). The Indonesian vocabulary of such a sentence was classified as Javanese and also included in the dictionary. However, this is unlikely to be valid in cases where the Indonesian part of a sentence with switching is subject to rules using the Indonesian inflection, service words, or pronominal clitics.

At the same time, borrowing from Malay began to penetrate Javanese long before the formation of the Indonesian language. It is difficult to identify them completely, since the Malay root language often coincides in structure with Javanese. But some Malay words given in AR14 without litters could be identified as borrowings from the Old Javanese dictionary mentioned above: besar 'big', beras 'rice' (collapsed, groats; Javanese phonetic correspondence is wos). Malay origin is also given out by some deviations from the norm. The words nasik 'boiled rice', kecik 'small' come from the Malay dialect or colloquial ("low") Malay common in Java, but they are also not marked as loanwords (the literary variant nasi is found in Old Javanese).

Dialect words are mostly combined with the mark "regional", without specifying a specific dialect or dialect (also - in [Pigeaud, 1938]). Only in some cases are the Yogyakarta dialect, Banyumasi, Surabaya and other dialects indicated. As stated in the preface, these indications are only partially reliable.

The main stylistic characteristics of Javanese vocabulary relate to speech etiquette, in which registers (label styles)are distinguished: simple (unofficial, ngoko), official (krama), respectful (krama inggil) and some others. Label synonymy covers hundreds of words. In dictionaries, cases are usually marked, and in a number of dictionary entries label synonyms of the capital word are given or referred to, and words without such synonyms either do not have a litter, or are marked kn (=krama-ngoko) as neutral, In this respect AP14 continues the existing tradition. Other litters introduced by Pizho have also been preserved: "obsolete", which is characteristic of the speech of older generations (for some words, this Pizho litter was removed based on the data of the attracted texts); "colloquial"; "rough"; "bookish", i.e. an Old Javanese or Sanskrit word characteristic of traditional poetry of the XIX-XX centuries. and neupotre-

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a noun in colloquial speech (in the tradition of Javanese lexicographers, this vocabulary is designated by the term kawi, in the Yogyakarta dictionary [Kamus..., 2011] it is marked "classical").

In addition to Dutch translations, the output part of AP14 includes lexical compatibility, interpretations, encyclopedic references, Javanese synonyms, untranslatable special terms, and Latin names of plants and animals. Some of Pijo's translations have been replaced by more modern ones. In some places, the meaning transfer appears to be more extensive in comparison with translations not only in the compact output part [Robson and Wibisono, 2002], but also in the Pijo dictionary. For example, paséban 'meeting place, place to be on duty' (verzamelplaats, plek waar men moet opkomen in dienst) instead of the former' audience hall ' (audientiezaal) y Pizho. Some interpretations should be clarified. Thus, tembang macapat is not just 'a type of Javanese verse dimensions', but 'a syllabic versification with solid stanzas', kidung (in the third meaning) is not just 'a poem' (gedicht), but 'an epic poem in the macapat versification'. Unjustifiably removed from the litter of Pizho "Muslim" at suluk "mystical religious poems".

The structure of Javanese dictionaries is mainly related to changes in the Latin script and the use of the nest system.

The rearrangement of words in a new alphabetical order began in dictionaries of the 1940s, when the specific Dutch digraph oe, denoting the vowel [u], was replaced by the usual Latin letter I. This change did not affect the reprints of the Pizho dictionary. In the early 1970s, a new reform changed the spelling of some vowels and consonants. When using the Latin alphabet in the standard spelling, all diacritics were eliminated, so that the correct pronunciation became available only to those who speak the language (cf. the absence of the letter e and stress marks in the Russian text). But in dictionaries, as in AR 14, the former, pre-reform spellings with diacritics of the anterior vowels of the middle ascents (é, æ) are usually preserved. They are considered to be one alphabetic unit, which also includes the letter e without diacritics for the vowel of the middle row and the rise [?]. T and th, d and dh are also considered alphabetic units (digraphs are for cerebral consonants, replacing the previous spelling of t, d with subscripted dots). The use of such composite alphabetic units is advisable if different phonemes are indistinguishable in writing (the same system of composite alphabetic units is used in [Robson and Wibisono, 2002], and in [Kamus..., 2011] the opposite interpretation makes it difficult to search the dictionary).

As far as the nest system is concerned, the root morphemes (word roots or independent words) are capitalized in dictionary entries, and the derivatives of each of them (affix and double words) are combined in one article with the original capital unit. This is due to prefixes that change the beginning of the root during word formation and inflection. To find a word in the dictionary, you need to learn the alternation of consonants with the prefix specified in the rules of use, for example, maca 'read' (the form of the active voice) from the combination of the nasal prefix (N -) and the root-waca. There is also a sandhi (fusion) of vowels, for example, kobong 'burn' from the combination of the prefix ke - + - obong 'burn'. In the Pizho dictionary, prefix words are included in the general alphabetical order, for example, nulis, kobong, along with the root morphemes waca, obong. In AR14, as a general rule, prefix words are given without translation with references to the root, that is, the nest system is used one hundred percent. These links take up quite a few pages. In order to decide whether the degree of nesting of words in Javanese dictionaries is more profitable - full or partial, it will probably require practical reading experience, and perhaps a special experiment will be conducted. There are also unmotivated exceptions, for example, in the list of words with the prefix sa-the word sakidulé 'to the south, in the south '(from what-L.) is given with a translation, and not with a reference to kidul 'south'. Selecting the root by the compiler is not always justified. For example, the word pancuran 'stream' (from a bamboo conduit, etc.) is related to the root cur 'to pour'. Although these units are historically related, in modern Javanese there is a root paneur, which gives rise to the verb mancur 'to flow', that is, the syllable pan - is not a prefix.

It is noteworthy that there is a deviation from the accepted construction of dictionary entries in relation to word combinations. Combinations with the root morpheme in dictionaries usually follow it as a capital unit, followed by doubled and affixed derivatives and combinations with each of them. In AR14, almost all combinations with root and derived units are located after all derivatives in the form of separate dictionary entries (layout with a protrusion). The advantages of this arrangement are not obvious. In addition, it was not carried out consistently. For example, the suffix word watunen 'to suffer from urolithiasis, etc.' follows a series of combinations with watu 'stone'. Some combinations, apparently due to an oversight, are shown twice on the same page.

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on the same page. A number of proper names are placed in the main body, while others are placed in a separate list at the end of the dictionary. The first group includes, for example, Pandawa 'Pandavas', and the second Kurawa 'Kauravas'. This again shows inconsistency.

In conclusion, the peer-reviewed publication enriches the educational and research resources of all those interested in the Javanese language, literature and culture. But the dictionary material needs careful editing. Under this condition, it will be useful for creating a Javanese-Russian dictionary, which is very desirable.

REFERENCES

Albada R. van, Pigeaud Th. Javaans-Nederlands woordenboek. Herziene uilgave gemoderniseerd en aangevuld. Leiden: KITLV, 2007, xxxii, 1086 pp.

Humboldt W. von. Uber die Kawi-Srache auf der Insel Java. Bd. 1-3. Berlin, 1836-1839.

[Suwaji ed.] Kamus basa Jawa (Bausastra Jawa). Edisi kedua. Yogyakarta: Kanisius, 2011, xxi, 793 pp.

Pigeaud Th. Javaans-Nederlands handwoordenboek. Groningen: Wolters, 1938, xxii, 622 pp.

Robson S., Wibisono S. Javanese-English dictionary. With the assistance of Y. Kurniasih. Singapore: Periplus, 2002, 821 pp.

Zoetmulder P.J., with the collaboration of S.O.Robson. Old Javsnese-English dictionary. 's-Gravenhage: Nijhoff, 1982. Vol. 1 (A-O), pp. i-xxxi, 1-1220; Vol. II (P-Y), pp. 1221-2368.

http://scalang.net/java/dictionary.htm.

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