A. K. OGLOBLIN: GRAMMAR OF THE INDONESIAN LITERARY LANGUAGE. St. Petersburg: Publishing House of St. Petersburg University, 2008, 441 p.

With a fairly large number of Indonesian language textbooks (hereinafter referred to as S) published in the world, equipped with practical grammar, and research papers on individual topics, its authoritative grammars exist in a small number. These include the grammar of foreign languages by a group of Russian authors published 40 years ago in Russian [Alieva et al., 1972] (hereinafter referred to as Gr - 72), and then in a revised form in foreign languages [Alieva et al., 1991]. Thus, the book under review is the second Russian grammar of foreign languages, which naturally determines the comparison with it.

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This work is a grammar that combines (as the author himself admits, p.6) the genres of educational and theoretical grammar. It consists of an introduction, six parts, an appendix, and a description of the technical reference apparatus. Being a two-genre grammar, the foreign language demonstrates the features of the prescriptive and descriptive grammars. As an educational literature, it contains many prescriptive provisions that are intended to be assimilated without excessive theorizing. However, there are almost always references to works on AI, if any.

The presentation of the material in the book is largely determined by belonging to the educational and practical grammar and is based on general didactic principles in combination with the methodology of conscious learning of a foreign language grammar based on knowledge of the native language. Each part and chapter begins with a general introduction to the relevant topic, which is then discussed in detail in separate paragraphs. A contrast comparison of the structure of the foreign language and the Russian language is systematically carried out; in certain cases, recommendations are given for translation and even for memorizing vocabulary (for example, p.124). The book contains 16 summary grammar tables that are convenient as a reference tool. Information about the peculiarities of colloquial speech, taking into account exceptions to the rules and specific or isolated uses (for example, the use of the comparative lebih indicator when denoting the number, p.194) are very valuable for practical mastering of foreign languages, and regular indications of the presence of "false bases"when describing affix words.

As a theoretical grammar, it is a valuable contribution to the study of the grammatical structure of foreign languages. It is innovation-it concerns the presentation of almost all grammatical topics-that attracts attention and requires extremely thoughtful reading and comprehension from the reader. A. K. Ogloblin points out (p. 6) that he takes into account the results obtained in our country and abroad in recent decades, so he introduces additional concepts and terms. Note, however, that the author often uses the terms actually invented (for example, proactive, propassive) or uses concepts from other languages that were previously not applicable to foreign languages (masdar). It can be argued that he developed a new metalanguage in the description of the foreign language grammar.

Part I deals with two types of grammatical units: morphological and syntactic. Morphological units in the word structure are presented very traditionally. New to Gr-72 is the selection of semi-prefixes in word production, which are set by a list. Most of them refer to prefixes in Indonesian and Malaysian grammars (anti -, maha-, pra -, purna -), but, of course, it is more correct to consider them as semi-prefixes, since they have lexical meaning. Some doubt is caused by the inclusion in the category of semi-prefixes of the word saling, traditionally referred to as service verb indicators of reciprocity (p. 106: saling mengerti "to understand each other"). Only cases of nominal word formation should be considered a "full-fledged" semi-prefix: saling pengertian "mutual understanding" 1.

Table 1 of first-degree affix models draws attention to two points: the suffix-nya, which is absent in Gr-72, and the rare and unproductive prefix maN-R, which, in our opinion, is hardly appropriate to distinguish, since, according to the author (p. 47), it is present in only two cases IYA words borrowed from Javanese. Here, most likely, we are dealing with the borrowing of lexemes, not affixes. There are great reasons for including the colloquial prefix N - (nge -) in the table, which is not only common (however, it is not normative). Affixes are described not by parts of speech, but by types: prefixes, suffixes, confixes, and infixes. This should be considered convenient for demonstrating the ambiguity and polyfunctionality of affixes. The meanings of affixes are analyzed in great detail and clearly formulated. A detailed sandhi description of not only prefixes (which is common knowledge), but also suffixes (which usually escapes the attention of teachers and students) is very valuable.

When describing the class of root morphemes (KM), new terms are introduced: transitive, unbound, and bound intransitives. The proposed terms should be considered successful; it is not for nothing that the concept of morfem verbal intransitive terikat is already used in the revised Gr-72 and published in Indonesian 20 years later [Alieva et al., 1991, p. 104].

1 For the Malaysian language, the use of saling with the name is unusual or extremely rare, possibly under the influence of AI.

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The division of words into grammatical classes (parts of speech) differs in many ways from the established one. Along with the traditional division into large classes-significant (names and predicatives), service, auxiliary - a new interpretation of the name class attracts attention, where the noun is only one of the subclasses along with five others: personal name, attribute, masdar I, masdar II and locative. Table 2 shows the main correspondences between affixes and classes of full-valued words 2.

The concepts of attributive and masdar, as applied to a foreign language, require some explanation. It is well known that in foreign languages the parti-verse affiliation is not clearly expressed, and the attribution of words to a particular part of speech is determined to a large extent by syntactic compatibility, which is the only criterion for KM, and an additional criterion for affixal ones. The author of the grammar, following Mahdi [Mahdi, 1993], distinguishes attributes into a separate subclass of names on the basis that attributes have a unique function of definition (with a specific meaning of restriction or refinement), unlike nouns, which can perform other nominal functions besides definitions - subject, complement, predicate. Thus, an attribute is understood as a syntactically related unit. Indeed, this is the case for a number of words, so we can accept the allocation of an attribute as a separate subclass of the name. Unfortunately, the author's process of converting an attribute into a regular noun blurs this category. In addition, a number of examples can be interpreted not at the syntactic level, but at the morphological level, as a word composition (anak tiri "stepson" is similar to anak angkat "foster child"). In addition, among the examples given, there are cases of the usual use of the noun as a definition: hal-hal kewanitaan "women's affairs"; kewanitaan in the meaning of "femininity" can also be used not in an attribute function.

On page 134, A. K. Ogloblin notes that he uses the term Arabic grammar masdar instead of the more cumbersome, according to the author's definition, term nominal form (predicative). Indonesian masdar is obtained by using the predicative CM in the "name function without changing the form, but with a change in compatibility", i.e., in fact, we are talking about conversion. Previously, the author states: "In principle, any transitive or intransitive can be used as a nominal form in some syntactic context" (p. 25).

In some cases, the partial meaning of KM is not clear and can be interpreted as a name or as a predicate, then the nominal form is not necessary. For example, on page 144, in the combination membuat malu "disgrace", the malu component is interpreted as a name and translated as " shame "("do" + "shame"). However, this word is a typical example of grammatical polysemy, and it functions in the same way as the verb "ashamed" and as the adjective "bashful". The situation is similar with the expression pandangan hidup " worldview "(interpreted as "view" + "life"), since the root word hidup has not only the nominal meaning "life", but also the predicative "live", "live".

It is noted that masdar I (the first nominal form of the predicative), which means a situation, unlike nouns, is not characterized by compatibility with counting words and other indicators of the number. Examples include the following forms: tidurnya "his dream", berat badan "body weight", teriak "cry", cinta "love", etc. Note, however, that any abstract-abstract nouns just have such incongruity (for example, words designed according to noun models with the same meaning: teriakan, percintaari), so the proposed criterion for distinguishing does not work here. It seems inconvenient to use the term masdar for cases of word formation based on the "KM + KM" model (tingkah laku "behavior", untung rugi "profit and loss") and even more so for complete inaccurate repetitions (tindak-tanduk "actions", gerak-gerik "gestures"), where the actual conversion is not observed, but there is a simple word production. Thus, in our opinion, the introduction of the term Masdar I is acceptable, but it hardly introduces anything new for understanding the essence of the phenomenon. In general, nothing prevents us from explaining all the cases described above in the traditional way, using the concept of KM.

More convincing is the justification for the existence of the masdar II form (the second nominal form of the predicative), since here predicatives (KM or affix) retain their inherent features (compatibility with negations, temporal and other indicators characteristic of the predicative), but they function as names. In addition, masdar II has special markers: the transition of the predicative form to the nominal one marks mandatory

2 Unfortunately, an annoying technical error crept into the table: the ber- -kan prefix got into the suffix section.

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the suffix-nya indicates a subsequent, also mandatory (revealing) definition.

As for other classes of words, we also find a lot of new things here, and they are also described with the utmost care and classified in detail. In the verb class, you can distinguish between deficient verbs (which do not have a passive form, such as merupakan) and irregular verbs (for which KM is used in the active function, such as minum). Among intransitive verbs, there are projective verbs (with the prefixes meN -, bersi -, expressing the meaning of a controlled action), propassive verbs (with the prefix ter - and the prefix ke- -an, expressing the meaning of an uncontrolled change), and neutral verbs (with the prefix se - and the prefix ber- -kan with the meaning of an uncontrolled state).

In the class of numerals, new categories are distinguished: distributive (sepuluh-sepuluh "ten"), multiple-rounded (berjuta-juta "millions"). Some clarifying terms are offered instead of traditional ones. So, collective nouns are suggested to be called circumstantial (berdua "together"), and unifying nouns are called collective (kedua "both").

Substitute words are considered according to two criteria: communicative type (definite, interrogative, indefinite-generalizing) and grammatical properties (substitutes for names, predicatives, numerals, adverbs). There are new terms that were not used in Gr-72: pronouns, pronouns, adverbs. The indefinite-personal pronoun orang is distinguished with the meaning "other, stranger" in the definition function (isteri orang "someone else's wife").

Modal words are considered together with modal groups and cliche sentences. They are divided into 30 semantic categories, indicating the possibility for some of them to be combined with negation. Interjections are interpreted broadly to include label phrases such as terima kasih "thank you", salam sejahtera "best wishes", selamat makan "bon appetit". The number of defined articles includes para as a personal plural article.

Convenient for teaching purposes and for mastering grammar is not the description of service and auxiliary words in a general list, but the distribution of nominal and predicative indicators into groups, which are analyzed in great detail.

Chapter 14 covers prepositions in great detail. For them, such important characteristics are noted as: active valence (there are three categories, among which there is a separate group of prepositional conjunctions), morphemic structure, primitive or grammaticalization, lexical and syntactic compatibility, and semantic meanings. The alphabetical list of prepositions from 82 units-the most extensive in the Russian literature - indicates their belonging to categories, compatibility with word classes and with personal pronominal enclitics. From the above list, doubts about belonging to prepositions are caused by the words jadi, menjadi with the meaning of the acquired function. Examples (pergi jadi prajurit musnah menjadi abu, p. 207)can be interpreted as a double predicate.

The sections devoted to syntax, as well as the sections on morphology, are described by A. K. Ogloblin not in the traditional perspective, but on the basis of the following theoretical propositions:: 1) in speech acts of communication, sentences are used for a communicative and functional purpose; 2) in the process of speech generation, the predicate is dominant, and not the predicative pair-subject and predicate, in other words, the author proceeds from the verbocentric theory of the sentence; 3)the correlation of the semantic structure of the sentence (its part) is essential and situations with a specific reference.

The main syntactic units are a sentence with its functional components (members of the sentence that are syntactically related and subordinate to the predicate) and a syntactic group in which subordinate links connect the main word with all dependent words. The entire sentence is included in the syntactic group of the predicate. The composition group may include parts of a sentence member connected by a compositional union (p. 27, 30). A sentence is determined by several criteria: completeness of meaning, presence of intonation contour and grammatical structure (p. 28). The most commonly used sentences are those with a predicative construction, where the predicate is equal to the predicative (verb or adjective).

In the range between the extreme limits of syntactic division, the upper (sentence as a predicative construction) and lower (sentence member), there are intermediate levels of division, where syntactic groups that differ in the composition of components are distinguished.-

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Note that the formal content analysis of syntactic units is carried out taking into account the reference level.

Unlike the rather loose linear order of sentence segments, the linear word order of a syntactic group is grammatically important. The group has not only significant syntactic connections, but also morphological ones (the choice of the transitive suffix in the verb may depend on the presence of a particular object). Based on the order of components, the author distinguishes between hard and soft groups. Rigid groups do not allow permutation of components and insertion of other words between them, which brings this concept closer to the concept of a word (p. 33). Introduction of the distinction between hard and soft groups is of fundamental importance for understanding the essence of grammatical phenomena of foreign languages, since many units are of an inter-categorical nature, being at the junction of morphology and syntax. According to A. K. Ogloblin ," the consequence of non-recognition of rigid groups by words is a complex and conditional definition of a word as a grammatical unit of the Indonesian language " (p. 31).

When describing the syntax of a name, the focus is on the main type of noun groups - the noun group. In it, hard and soft groups are distinguished by the order of their components, respectively, with a close and free definition. A definition in a rigid name group by meaning narrows the meaning of what is being defined and is non-referential, i.e. it does not relate to something known from the context or situation of speech. The rigid character is determined by two factors: the components of the nominal group are compound words that have stability, or words of broad generic meaning such as kaum "class of persons". For many groups, both factors are relevant.

There are five structural and semantic categories of rigid name groups, each of which is characterized by its meaning. A total of 15 semantic groups differ in meaning. The first structural and semantic category "noun + masdar", represented by five groups, is interesting because the definition uses masdars that are derived from a transitive, or from a root intransitive verb or a related intransitive. When describing the second structural-semantic category "noun + predicative" with two groups depending on the expressed values, the author introduces a new term - "predictive definition" (used in the further description of the syntax). This term expresses the relation of the defined and the definition, similar to the relation of the subject and predicate. The next three structural and semantic categories are "noun + adverb", "noun + quantitative numeral" and "noun + name". In the last category, four groups are allocated by value. In the first one, an object can be represented with a definition with the meaning of place, which has the meaning of a certain or indefinite reference, depending on the context (p. 226).

The author analyzes and systematizes soft groups of names in great detail and detail. When describing the yang group, the noun uses the previously introduced author's term "relativ", which reveals the essence of a number of system syntactic relations.

The author identifies new types of definitions - parallel and sequential, which previously did not fall into the field of view of linguists-Indonesians, which are represented by two or more definitions for the name. Definitions for Masdar I and II are particularly considered. In masdar II, the definition is mandatory, and it can be subject or object, depending on how the masdar is expressed. The yang group following masdar II is also a subject or object definition. Masdar I differs somewhat in the nature of the attached definitions. The definition group with the word yang to the root masdar I is characterized as predictive. Masdar I itself, if it is formed from root morphemes-transitives and related intransitives, is also used as a revealing definition to the name.

According to a different principle, depending on the type of syntactic construction, the members of the sentence are also classified. There are different constructions of a simple sentence that are syntactically non - derived-non-expanded and syntactically derived-expanded on the basis of the principle of mandatory presence of sentence members. Thus, in contrast to the traditional division into major and minor, mandatory and optional members of the sentence are distinguished. The predicate, subject, and part of additions, definitions, and circumstances are mandatory. To optional ones - another part of additions, definitions and circumstances (p. 236). The optionality of a particular construction member, i.e. the possibility of omitting it, means that it is unknown or undesirable to mention it. Pass with the value unknown-

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It should be distinguished from an ellipsis, which means that a given mandatory member of a sentence is assumed to be known from the context or situation of speech.

Other definitions that differ from those accepted in Gr-72 are given to such members of the sentence as the subject and predicate. Based on the possibility of transformations, which consists in the fact that the predicative construction can be transformed into a yang-group without changing the form of the predicative, the original subject must correspond to the referent of the yang-group, and the original predicate-to the relativ (p. 238).

The section "Border elements between subject and predicate" analyzes the structural role of definitions, service words and particles in a sentence, which is quite unusual for the Russian language. References to various features of syntactic units and structures that distinguish them from similar ones in the Russian language are contained in almost all parts devoted to syntax. Undoubtedly, such comparisons with the Russian language are very valuable in themselves.

Subjects and complements, as dependent members of the sentence in relation to the predicate-predicative and subordinate to it, are combined in the concept of "actant". According to the number of actants, predicative constructions are divided into one-, two-, three -, and four-person ones. This division is necessary when describing both constructions with transitive verbs and intransitive ones.

A systematic description of foreign language constructs is preceded by an important chapter devoted to the semantic structure of the sentence. It is safe to say that the description of syntactic constructions of a foreign language cannot be complete and relevant without referring to the semantic structure of the sentence. The focus of linguistic research on semantic structure is the relationship between language units and those who use them, as well as the conditions for the implementation of language units.

It is known that a sentence usually combines "the starting point of a statement, or a topic, and a rhema - what is said about this topic" (p. 244). In a foreign language, quite diverse means of highlighting themes and rhemes are used, and accordingly, theme-rhematicconstructions are quite diverse. The subject and rhyme can be highlighted in a sentence even without such tools. There may not be a theme in the sentence, but there is always a rheme (p. 244). A. K. Ogloblin gives a fairly complete and interesting description of how fame is expressed in the subject, how the particle-lah distinguishes the rheme-predicate, how only the complement or circumstance is distinguished as a rheme.

In the analysis of the semantic structure of a sentence, a significant place is given to the concept of "exposition", which is interpreted as an initial thematic designation of place, time, mode of action, comparison and other meanings as an introduction to the main meaning and, in accordance with this, as a result of the deployment of an optimal construction (p.245). It is described quite fully with interesting illustrative material, which classes and groups of words are used in the exposition (compare with the definitions of the exposition in Gr-72, pp. 225-226).

The description and analysis of the syntactic constructions of the foreign language is preceded by another chapter, which deals with modality (with the caveat that modal verbs that serve only to denote the speaker's attitude will be considered) and ways to express the tense in the foreign language, the meaning of which in the sentence is relative, determined by context and indicated by vocabulary. Here, as in other chapters, a lot of interesting language material is provided, as well as instructions on what some combinations and constructions in the Russian language may correspond to.

At one time, A. K. Ogloblin conducted a deep and versatile study of syntactic constructions and published many articles on this topic in various publications (see the Bibliography of the book).

Chapters 20-27 of the reviewed book, devoted to syntactic constructions of foreign languages, are a multidimensional systematized description that takes into account, first of all, the actant level, the level of generalized semantic roles of referents, whose units are denoted by the terms subject, object, etc., and the level of actual sentence division, i.e., the allocation of topics and rhymes. Moreover, the author gives non-standard characteristics of the considered structures, reveals the essential phenomena and expresses a completely independent assessment of them. The most striking example is the description of constructions with transitive verbs, where active and passive constructions are distinguished by the voice of the verb, and the number of actants is divided into two - person constructions with one complement, three - person constructions with two complements, and four-person constructions with three additions. The subject and complement correspond to semantic units-participants in the situation of a transitive verb (subject

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actions and at least one action object). The idea that active and passive constructions are synonymous and that they are more or less "equal"in syntax is confirmed (p. 267). The author examines about 50 syntactic constructions of a wide variety of structures, most of which are marked for the first time.

The book also contains a completely original description of the syntax of complicated and complex sentences and many other things that are directly or indirectly related to syntax, as well as some typological characteristics related to the position of the AI in general, areal, and quantitative typology.

In conclusion, it should be emphasized that the author's theoretical propositions are, as a rule, comprehensively and deeply reasoned, because they are based on a huge amount of factual material (the book cites examples taken from the works of more than 130 famous Indonesian writers).

A great advantage of this work is the most subtle scrupulousness and thorough consideration of each topic, sub-topic, and each affected language fact. Behind this, obviously, are both deep knowledge gleaned from the works of other authors, and a huge own research work. Undoubtedly, such a detailed analysis was also supported by A. K. Ogloblin's rich experience in teaching foreign languages and Indonesian linguistics at the Faculty of Oriental Studies of St. Petersburg University.

The publication of A. K. Ogloblin's" Grammar of the Indonesian Literary Language " is a significant event in Indonesian studies, reflecting the versatile and deep contribution of the scientist to the study of the grammatical structure of foreign languages, to the development of specific problems and stating his priority in putting forward a number of fruitful ideas. We can hope that this work will find a lively response from specialists.

list of literature

Alieva N. F., Arakin V. D., Ogloblin A. K., Sirk Yu. K. Grammar of the Indonesian language. Moscow, 1972.

Ogloblin A. K. O otnoshenii aktiva i passiva v yazykakh javanskoy gruppa [On the correlation of assets and liabilities in the languages of the Javanese group].
Ogloblin A. K. Essay on the diachronic typology of the Malay-Javanese languages, Moscow, 1996.
Alieva N.F. et al. Bahasa Indonesia. Deskripsi dan Teori. Seri ILDEP. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Kanisius, 1991.

Mahdi W. Distinguishing homonymic wordforms in Indonesian // Topics in descriptive Austronesian linguistics / G.P. Reesink (ed.). Semaian 11. Leiden, 1993.

3 For the first time, the idea of "equality" is expressed by A. K. Ogloblin in an article [Ogloblin, 1978, p. 257], and the question of the ratio of assets and liabilities and their "equality" is analyzed in detail in [Ogloblin, 1996, p.128-132].

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