Denmark in the Years of World War II and the Holocaust: A Controversial Reality Introduction: a unique occupation regime Denmark was occupied by German forces on April 9, 1940, as part of Operation Weserübung. However, the Danish case became unique in the history of Nazi occupation in Europe. Up until August 1943, Denmark maintained formal sovereignty, a functioning parliament, a government led by social democrat Thorvald Stauning, an army, and even King Christian X. This special status, known as the "model of collaboration" or "policy of appeasement," defined the country's specific position and influenced the fate of Danish Jews. The "1940-1943 Model": cooperation and compromise The German command was interested in maintaining the Danish economy as a source of agricultural products (meat, butter) and uninterrupted industrial operations. Denmark received the status of a "model protectorate." In exchange for political loyalty and economic supplies to Germany, Danish authorities retained control over internal affairs. In the first years of occupation, there was no martial law introduced in Denmark, no racial laws in their German version, and the small German administration barely interfered with daily life. Interesting fact: According to a widespread but historically unconfirmed legend, King Christian X, in a sign of solidarity with Jews, allegedly wore a yellow Star of David. There was never a real decree on wearing stars in Denmark. However, the king did exert private pressure on the government to protect Jewish citizens, and his daily horseback rides through Copenhagen without heavy security became a symbol of Danish calm and dignity. The turning point of 1943: from cooperation to resistance The situation sharply changed in the summer-fall of 1943. Dissatisfaction with the occupation grew, acts of sabotage increased, and German military defeats at Stalingrad and in Africa changed the strategic picture. On August 29, 1943, German authorities presented the Danish gov ... Read more